Siemens: Cost and Activity-based Costing Objectives

15. 514 Summer 2003 Session 17 Activity-Based Costing Objectives 1. Computation of product costs using ABC 2. Understand the role of judgment: how are cost pools and cost drivers determined? 3. Link cost data to strategic choices Game Plan & Class Pedagogy Case discussion. Reading Assignment CP: Siemens Electric Motor Works Class Preparation Questions Focus your group’s attention on the qualitative questions (1 -6). Attempt to answer questions 7 and 8 before coming to class, but don’t invest excessive time on this task, as we will work through the computational issues together in class. Thinking about the issues and the costing approaches should take precedence over â€Å"getting the right numbers. † 1. What were the competitive conditions facing EMW in the late 1970s? 2. What change in strategy did EMW’s managers undertake in response to these conditions? 3. How did EMW’s new strategy change the way products were manufactured? 4. Describe the 1970s costing system at EMW. 5. Describe the 1980s costing system (PROKASTA) at EMW. 6. How do the two systems differ in their treatment of costs for order processing and special components? 7. Calculate the cost of the five orders in Exhibit 4 under the traditional and PROKASTA cost systems. Hint: first compute the PROKASTA costs of processing an order and handling a special component. 8. Compare traditional and PROKASTA costs for Motor A in Exhibit 4 if 1 unit, 10 units, 20 units, or 100 units are ordered. 9. If you were a manager at EMW, how might you use the new cost system to make better

Muslim Stereotypes in the Media Essay

The media over exaggerates their representation of the Muslim population portraying them as violent terrorists and a threat to most nations/countries. Stereotypes abound in any and every form of media we can listen to, read, or watch today. Stereotypes create recognition in people and stir emotions – from anger to fear, or even empathy. News reports on religion generally use outrageous stereotypes of the population of the particular religion. This is evident in the representation of Muslims whenever they pop-up in news stories. Our views and opinions are often shaped by the media – the news, TV shows, movies, magazines and newspapers. Many people take the views depicted in these and claim them as their own without thinking or researching it more. Cultural Theorist Stuart Hall states that the messages in media, â€Å"intersect with the deep semantic codes of a culture and take on additional, more active ideological dimensions.† This means that they build on the cultural and social anxieties of a given time and also reflect then back into the culture, therefore reinforcing them and adding to them. The problem with this is that the media almost always leaves bits and pieces out and portray only the parts they think we want to see to meet our expectations. The kids movie, â€Å"Aladdin† is one which given a skewed view of Muslim people. In the opening scenes of the theatrical release, the theme song states that Aladdin hails â€Å"from a faraway place, where the caravan camels roam, where they cut off your ear if they don’t like your face. It’s barbaric, but hey, it’s home.† Throughout the movie Muslims are repeatedly depicted as scheming, mystical, violent, stupid or greedy Arabs. Everything from costuming to voice tones, facial features and references to Allah build a very stereotypical and false image of Muslims. One of the reasons why this is an incorrect stereotype is that most Muslims are not even Arabic with only about 18% of the 1.6 billion Muslims being Arabic. So why do we as westerners make this assumption that all Muslims are Arabic? I think this is because we don’t look into the figures and information for ourselves we just assume that these negative stereotypes are the truth and by doing this it has become our reality. In the case of Aladdin, this fairytale is viewed by children from such a young age that it becomes a part of their subconscious without them even realizing they have been fed a stereotype. More modern TV shows such as â€Å"Homeland† represent Muslims as fanatic Arab terrorists posing a threat to countries and nations around the world. This is mainly a western representation and is a typical negative stereotype of Muslims that most people believe and accept as the truth. Although this may be an accurate representation of a small minority of the Muslim population, in my opinion this is a false stereotype of the majority of the population. The media has generalised their opinion based on a small minority to all of the Muslim population and sensationalized it to heighten cultural anxieties. This opinion and stereotype has caused much tension between westerners and the general Muslim population in the past and the present. The media reports involving Muslims and Islam in general have become more frequent, with the racist, stereotype images and remarks becoming more and more accepted as normal, especially in the news, entertainment and social media. The media has been targeting religion and more specifically Islam since the events of the 9/11 planted a seed of fear for terrorists and religion in general. Media including Hollywood and the filmmakers have become worse in their racist opinions of Muslims portraying them more and more as brutal, heartless, uncivilised religious fanatics and money-mad cultural â€Å"others† bent on terrorising civilised Westerners. Perhaps it is time that the media realizes that instead of investing in negative stereotypes, there is a positive impact which can be obtained by using counter-stereotypical fictional depictions to turn the tide on societies prejudicial attitudes. religionandmediacourse.blogspot.com.au/2010/11/representations-of-islam-in-media.htm maddysreligionandspirituality.blogspot.com.au/2013/05/week-9-10-religious-racism-and-media.html asiainstitute.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/571625/akbarzadeh-islam-media.pdf mediasmarts.ca/diversity-media/religion/media-portrayals-religion-islam teachmideast.org/essays/26-stereotypes/38-stereotypes-of-arabs-middle-easterners-and-muslims http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2012/oct/13/homeland-drama-offensive-portrayal-islam-arabs http://racerelations.about.com/od/hollywood/a/5-Common-Arab-Stereotypes-In-Television-And-Film.htm http://srambeau.wordpress.com/2010/10/15/representations-of-arabs-in-disneys-aladdin/ http://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jan/25/broadcasting.race

Gender in Jackie Kay’s Trumpet

Abstract The overall impact of the role of gender and prejudice have an influence in every society in every nation around the world. This study examines the literature that has the potential to illustrate many of the controversial subjects emerging in society today. Beginning with a base assessment of Kay’s work allows a far greater depth of understanding and appreciation to be created. This piece critically defines the aspects of the Trumpet in order to illuminate a vital point of needed evolution. With a lasting story line, this analysis can be applied to a wide variety of studies in order to add fundamental quality and understanding. The issues of gender and empathy in the realm of literature have consistently been an area of discussion, with a wide range of interpretation. This study examines the role of gender in Brewer’s theory of structural affect as well as assessing how Jackie Kay’s Trumpet establishes empathy through its portrayal of gender. Alongside this assessment will be a discussion on how Trumpet fits within the categories of queer and postmodern writing in relation to the continuum of Scottish literature at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century. This view is necessary in order to grasp the relevance of a transgendered lead character in an award-winning literary novel. It is through the utilization of symbolism that Kay illustrates a relatable link enabling her view to emerge clearly. Establishing key points of the plot through metaphor enables Kay to create a tale that is both easy to assimilate and interesting to explore for the reader. From the onset, the information in Trumpet is designed to drive the reader to empathize with Millie’s pain at the intrusion of media after the death of her beloved husband. This emotion is evident in the opening sentence as the author invokes the image of a widow that is afraid to fully open the curtains because of what lies beyond (1998, p.1). This approach is designed lead the reader to sympathize with Millie by describing her anxiety and pain at the paparazzi surrounding her home in a manner that allows them to readily associate with the situation. â€Å"Even here now the sound of cameras, like the assault of a machine gun, is playing inside my head. I can’t get the noise to go no matter what I do,† (p. 2). Sharing Millie’s misery at the hounding by the media, Kay draws the reader deep into the plot before ever revealing that this is a queer story. The use of gender, and societal prejudice, provides a critical background upon which to build the overall storyline. The ability to define the character prior to revealing potentially perception changing information adds depth and associable elements to the plotline. This is a prime example of Brewer’s theory of affect accurately determining the direction of the literature. Using structural affect, Kay is careful in her initial descriptions of Joss in order to describe him as Millie observed him (1998 p. 3). This ensures that that the reader, although sympathizing with Millie, also identifies her as a reliable narrator. This is a vital point that must be emphasized as the plot line relies on the strength of the narration to progress. The story evolves in such a manner that the reader never believes that Millie is lying about her mistaken certainty that Joss had been born male until their first sexual encounter. By that time a critical point has passed, Millie is in love and the reader has come to know Joss as she saw him during that time (p. 3). Before revealing the deep dark secret that has led to the media scrutiny and the enmity of Millie’s son, Kay takes the tale back in time to introduce Millie’s love story with Joss (1998, p. 4). This creates a form of empathy with the reader that allows them to remember what it feels like to fall in love. Creating a mechanism that invokes a real sense of companionship serves to highlight the tender aspect of the story. This is an illustration of her effective implementation of the structural affect theory. †¦the emotions of the reader are systematically determined by the configuration of the plot and the knowledge states of various agents. For example, consider what happens when the reader has the emotion of surprise. The author withholds critical information at the beginning of the story, information that is necessary for a correct interpretation of the story. Later on, the critical information is revealed, which triggers surprise in the reader. (Graesser and Klettke, n.d., p.2) The writer manipulates the reader’s reaction to specific points of the story by choosing what is revealed and when. This tool is utilized to draw out the main events and bring the entire plot into focus. Even when Millie has her first sexual encounter with Joss, as he/she removes the binding on her breasts, the revelation of Joss’ secret is hinted at rather than announced (p. 20-21). Throughout the story, Kay manipulates the emotional and intellectual response of the reader in order to ensure that the overarching theme remains firmly in the readers mind. To accomplish this, the author utilizes the method of introducing Joss as Millie sees him: as the person she loved, the adoring father, the respected member of the community as well as the sensitive musician (p. 5). Brewer’s structural affect theory focuses on the influencing the psychology of the reader through the literature. †¦Brewer tested his model by (a) manipulating features of the text and knowledge states of the reader and (b) observing whether these manipulations systematically predicted readers’ self-reports of particular emotions and how much they liked the story. The structural affect theory fared quite well in accounting for the psychological data. (Graesser and Klettke, n.d., p. 3). Millie’s early reminiscing is one of the methods that Kay uses throughout this story, this serves to set the stage for the narration to a point. Writing in the first person, Kay relates the tale through Millie’s perception and allows a real sense of personal emotion to reach the story. This included the idea that perhaps she had â€Å"hurt his manhood,† (p. 39) when she expressed her desire to have a baby. Kay employs the affect principle to allow the reader to sympathize with Colman over what he views as his parents’ betrayal (1998, p. 40). She accomplishes this by interjecting a chapter in the third person as a means to make it absolutely clear that Joss had been born and died a female. By moving back and forth between narrators, the author enables a wide range of views to emerge. This instrument is effective and enables the author to transitions back into a first person narrative, this time with Colman as the narrator. Like his mother before him, Colman begins thinking of his father as he reflects on the elements that made Joss a good father (p. 41). The loathing that the reader subsequently develops for Colman is his own doing, based in part on his self-description. â€Å"It was all right, it was, being Joss Moody’s son. Only when I became Colman Moody did everything start to become a total fucking drag. It’s a tall order when you expected to be somebody just because your father is somebody,† (p. 45). Through Colman’s narration, we see Kay explore the feelings of being the adopted child. This is a critical point, as much of the story hinges on these negative emotional feelings. This is a direct association to the desire to look like one’s adoptive parents as well as the child’s efforts to have a normal life with unconventional parents. She even helps the reader to understand why Colman is angry, embarrassed even, that not knowing his father’s secret made him look stupid (p. 46). Overall, the structure of the novel is meant to make Colman appear more callous than sympathetic. This is an attempt by the author to ensure that the plot progresses in a manner that benefits the underlying story. In the early chapters, we learn that Colman refuses to take his mother’s calls and then later that he has sided with a tabloid reporter who wants to write a biography of Joss (1998, p. 15). The reader feels his betrayal of his parents in the action because of the way Kay structured the story. If Kay had led with Colman’s narrative, focussing on the son’s negative memories of his parents and that they failed to provide the child with what he viewed as a ‘normal’ home life, Colman might have been a more sympathetic character to the reader. Instead, Kay uses her structure of the novel to manipulate the reader’s reaction to the character in a manner that adds to the underlying plot. This adds readability and long term credibility to the story. Kay utilizes structural affect to create a postmodern novel in that the tale embraces popular culture and accessibility. In the introduction to her book Postmodernism and Pop Culture (1994), Angela McRobbie argues that one of the defining characteristics of postmodern texts, whether art or literature, is accessibility: Not only was meaning in art or in culture all there, for all to see, stripped of its old hidden elitist difficulty, but it also, again as Jameson pointed out, seemed already familiar, like the faint memory of an old pop song, a refrain, a chorus, a tune, a ‘cover version’ of an original which never was. (2005, p. 3) In essence, McRobbie (1994, p. 1) argues that postmodern works would tell us the meaning behind Mona Lisa’s smile, rather than forcing art critics to speculate on it for 400 years. Kay does not go so far as to spell out the entire intent of the novel in her narrative, she employs the story itself to provide a means of motivation to progress. This is illustrated in the fact that the lesson to his son is about choosing one’s own identity. â€Å"The pictures called Mumbo Jumbo which has made me angrier than anything I can remember. He’s not given a name. Even the name he was given, John Moore, was not his original name,† (p. 276). Joss’ letter for his son discusses the idea that the name other people give us is perhaps less important than the name we give ourselves. This theme adds to the personal value experienced by reader. He, for example, might have been born Josephine Moore, but that was not who he was (p. 276). As Joss explains these things to his son, he makes it clear that no matter what label or name a person is given, they choose for themselves who they will be. â€Å"That’s the thing with us: we keep changing names. We’ve all got that in common. We’ve all changed names, you, me, my father. All for different reasons. Maybe one day you’ll understand mine,† (p. 276). McRobbie argues that postmodernism is also intended to â€Å"force us to think seriously about the trivial† (p. 3). While it is incorrect to label the issues that Kay raises as â€Å"trivial†, there is an aspect of the novel that does seemingly grasp at this approach. Intertwining these elements lends depth and charm to the story, which in turn increases the final impact. In the chapter written in the third person, describing the doctor who comes to make out Joss’ death certificate, the physician finds it necessary to cross out â€Å"male† and â€Å"write† in female and then write it again, more distinctively (Kay p. 276). The author makes it clear that this seems trivial. This is a purposeful effort to guide the reader to make assumptions that are essential to the story. The question, implied by the text and the remainder of the novel, is how does it matterDid the sex assigned to Joss by birth affect the core of who he was, how he loved his family or the music that he madeThe intent then of the work is to make the reader ask if the sex we are assigned at birth is important to whom we are. Or, is gender a trivial matter than can be changed to reflect who we are as human beings? Kay’s writing has had a positive impact on the development of Scottish literature at the end of the 20th century. One of the major factors identified by some scholars is that Kay’s work, and others like it, help move Scottish literature away from the concept that there is a homogeny in the writing there (Shirey p. 5). Kay’s plot line creates an inclusive perception that enables a wide range of acceptance on the part of the author. This translates directly into an international perception of tolerance outside of the traditional norms. The second case, the loss of population, is of course related to the pervasive anxiety in modern Scotland over emigration—the recurring sense that many of the potential architects of the Renaissance were contributing their energies towards diasporic communities around the world or towards the continued, futile administration of British imperial power at precisely the moment of that power’s decline. (Shirey, p.6) There had been an perception that the rebirth of Scottish literature was not progressing due to the fact that the writers were either writing about their histories and cultures from before settling in Scotland or that they were so concerned with British approval that they were not distinctively Scottish (p. 7). The ability for Kay to reach out and touch a sensitive portion of the population through the shared experiences of her characters adds to the recognition of Scottish credibility. Her ability to tie in the gender issues of her characters in such a relatable manner illustrates a fundamental knowledge of the issues, which in turns adds gravitas to her entire effort. Where Kay (p. 15) differentiates Trumpet from these trends is that her characters think of themselves as definitively Scottish. This strong national identity adds strength to the notion that the region remains strong in poignant literature. Joss, for example, knows that his father was from somewhere in Africa, but he teaches his son to think of Scotland as his home (Kay p. 276). This allows them to remain Scottish, even though much of their life and experience lies outside of the nation. Kay also takes her characters beyond the stereotype of the Scotsman in her further contribution to Scottish literature. There is a real sense of progression and development on a cultural and national level throughout the entire story. Kay’s contribution to Scottish literature is that she refuses to mould her Scottish nationalism to a white heterosexual history. This is an important point that she makes no apologies for. She makes it clear that not only are the authors of Scottish literature no longer â€Å"straight† white men, neither are the characters. A reflection of modern life creates a real window for the reader to experience the travails of the characters. This allows her writing to carry not only a decisive and relatable story line about a delicate topic, but a real perception of strength and inclusive nature that illustrates the potential of an evolving culture. In the end, Kay’s work has built a solid foundation upon which to continue to build new and more enticing works. References Bennett, A. and Royle, N. (2004) Introduction to Literature, Criticism and Theory, 3rd ed, Pearson Longman, Harlow. Retrieved from mhttp://site.iugaza.edu.ps/ahabeeb/files/2012/02/An_Introduction_to_Literature__Criticism_and_Theory.pdf Bird, D., Dixon, R. and Lee, C. (2001) Authority and Influence: Australian Literary Criticism 1950-2000, Brisbane, University of Queensland Press. Retrieved from http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv.php?pid=UQ:8899&dsID=Bird_Intro.pdf Graessar, A.C. and Klettke, B. (n.d.) Agency, Plot, and a Structural Affect Theory Of Literary Short Comprehension, The University of Memphis. Retrieved from http://www.memphis.edu/psychology/graesser/publications/documents/IBSCHB2.pdf Kay, J. (1998) Trumpet, New York, Vintage Contemporaries. McRobbie, A. (2005) Postmodernism and Pop Culture, Routledge, London. Retrieved from ttp://m.friendfeed-media.com/b64ddf30a52cfe50d0a7907b198b1b67214613d5 Shirey, R. D. (2007) â€Å"A Shrinking Highlands: Neil Gunn, Nationalism and the ‘World Republic of Letters’†, International Journal of Scottish Literature. 3. Retrieved from http://www.ijsl.stir.ac.uk/issue3/shirey.pdf Stein, A. and Plummer, K. (July, 1994), â€Å"I Can’t Even Think Straight† â€Å"Queer† Theory and the Missing Sexual Revolution in Sociology, Sociological Theory, 12.2 178-187. Web. 15 Retrieved from http://jsingleton.wiki.westga.edu/file/view/I+cant+even+think+straight+queer+theory.pdf/299878142/I%20cant%20even%20think%20straight%20queer%20theory.pdf Thrift, N. (2008) Non-Representational Theory: Space/Politics/Affect, New York & London, Routledge. Warner, M. (2002) Public and Counterpublics (abbreviated version). Quarterly Journal of Speech. 88 (4), pp. 413 – 425.

Neurosis and a Psychosis Essay

A major part of clinical psychology is the diagnoses and treatment of mental disorders. This can often be difficult and controversial due to the fact that many of the disorders can be confused with others; there aren’t always clear guidelines in which to follow. An example of this confusion can be seen in the disorders Neurosis and Psychosis. Neither neurosis nor psychoses appear as major categories in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III). The main reason for this is that both categories were fairly broad and included a number of mental disorders with quite dissimilar symptoms. Consequently, mental health professionals did not always agree on the diagnosis for a particular patient. Neurosis is a functional (Psychogenic) disorder consisting of a symptom or symptoms caused, though usually unknown to the patient, by a mental disorder. The four commonest are Anxiety State, Reactive Depression, Hysteria and Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis. We all know w hat it is to feel anxious. Anxiety becomes abnormal when it is out of all proportion to the cause, or when it continues long after the cause has been removed. Patients with other mental illnesses often feel anxious from time to time, but the term anxiety neurosis is used to describe the illness in which anxiety is the main feature and the patient feels anxious all the time. Reactive Depression is a form of depression where the cause is known i.e. marriage break-up or bereavement. Reactive depression can be classed as a neurosis as it is an exaggeration of the normal expected response to such situations. In medical language the word Hysteria is used to mean that a symptom is beyond the patients control. If I have to take an examination tomorrow and to get out of it I ring up and say that I cannot attend because I am going to the dentist, I am malingering. I am quite deliberately telling a lie to get out of taking the examination. But if, on the morning of the examination, I wake  up with a raging toothache although there is nothing wrong with my tooth, this is hysteria. There is nothing wrong, but the pain is genuine. I am quite truly inc apable of sitting the examination. The symptom is out of my conscious control and has become hysterical. Hysterical symptoms always serve to get us out of some unpleasant situation, to gain us some advantage, or to solve some conflict for us. People in whom hysterical symptoms are so pronounced that they can no longer lead a normal life are said to be suffering from hysteria. Some people will not walk under a ladder; a few would be really worried if you asked them to do so. They are obsessed by the thought that it is unlucky. Some people feel compelled to throw spilt salt over their shoulders. If a person is obsessed by a thought to such an extent, or compelled to perform certain actions so frequently that he/she is unable to lead a normal life he/she is suffering from obsessive-compulsive neurosis. The obsessions and compulsions take many different forms. The patient knows that they are unreasonable but are unable to control them. One of the most common compulsions is the need to wash time and time again another is extreme tidiness. The one thing all of the above disorders have in common is that all arise from external factors. So a neurosis occurs when the mind is affected by factors arising in the environment. A psychosis however, differs in that it is a mental illness arising in the mind itself. The psychosis can be divided into those in which physical disease plays a major part and those in which it does not. These subdivisions are called organic psychosis and functional psychosis. Dementia and Infective-exhaustive psychosis are the main organic psychoses. The main functional psychoses are Schizophrenia and Manic-depressive psychosis. Dementia is the mental illness associated with decay or deterioration of the brain. It usually occurs in people over 60, but occasionally earlier. In old people it is called senile dementia. Most people retain their faculties quite well, but sometimes the brain ages and becomes diseased while the body remains comparatively healthy. The symptoms of dementia are those popularly known as ‘second child-hood’. The patient forgets the immediate past but remembers his early life clearly. He doesn’t recognize people he knows well, frequently forgets where he has put things, doesn’t know where he is or what day it is. Small changes in his routine make him confused. He is unable to grasp any new ideas. Sometimes he is extremely obstinate and at others quite  docile. Physical illnesses, which are accompanied by infection or exhaustion sometimes, give rise to mental symptoms. The most common is puerperal septicaemia or infection following childbirth. Others are pneumonia, influenza, tuberculosis, cancer and sometimes diseases of the nervous system. The patient is restless, sleeps little and when he does he has vivid dreams which he believes are real. He cannot think clearly and does not know what is going on. He sees and hears what is not there, may lose his memory and is often incoherent and n oisy. He lives half in this world and half in a dream world. Schizophrenia is the most common of the psychosis and the most difficult to understand. There are different types of schizophrenia and symptoms may vary from being moody and difficult to the most bizarre thoughts and actions. The patient may hear voices and see things that are not there. This is called being hallucinated. He thinks in a way that is incomprehensible to normal people. He may hold beliefs, which to ordinary people around him are quite untenable, such as that his arms are stuffed with cotton wool. Such beliefs are called delusions. He often thinks that everything that happens refers to him and that other people are conspiring against him. He is sometimes apathetic or stuporose and is given to acting suddenly, without warning. The popular term ‘split mind’, although not accurate, may have come from the way in which these patients will laugh as they describe some dreadful happening which they believe has just taken place, as if there emotions had been split off and no longer worked in harmony with their thoughts. Manic-Depressive psychosis, a type of mental disorder which alternates between phases of excitement and phases of depression. Often there are periods between these phases of complete normality. These are just a few of the disorders covered by neurosis and psychosis. One thing that can be noticed is the fact that all of the neurosis are caused by external environmental factors whilst all the psychosis are caused by. Another difference that has been noted is that many people suffering from a neurosis are able to accept that they have a mental illness whilst with a psychosis the patient believes that they are normal and cannot separate reality and fantasy. There are also differences in the symptoms of these disorders. Neurotic patients show exaggerated responses to events around them. These events are real and many people would react in a similar fashion just not to such an extent as the neurotic patient when in  such a situation. The psychotic however, responds primarily to events that are not there, imaginary situations or hallucinations or voices. An example of this can be seen here, Normal So Roberts got the job? Oh well, I suppose my face just didn’t fit. Neurotic It’s always the same. Jealous! That’s what they are. I should have been promoted long ago, but there just determined to see I don’t get on. They gang up against me each time. Psychotic The government knows I have the secret formula, which will split the earth in two. Their agents are following me everywhere. You’re one of them – you can’t fool me. The neurotic believes something that is possible, but not probable. The psychotic believes something that is quite impossible. The differences between these two disorders, neurosis and psychosis, may appear small but they can help in the diagnoses and treatment of patients. It can be very difficult to treat a patient when the cause of their illness is unknown or when the illness itself is difficult to understand. It is for this reason that mental health professionals need to categorise mental disorders as clearly and concisely as possible. The DSM-III dropped the entries of neurosis and psychosis and split them down into subdivisions to try to enable better diagnosis but there is still confusion as to the differences between neurosis and psychosis. There is not only a difference between the two but also a difference in each individual case. Different things effect people in different ways and many people although share the same illness have completely different symptoms. Every case should be looked at individually and treated as such. Instead of looking for the best treatment for neurosis, it would be better to look for the best treatment for an individual. Dean Waring 28 / 02 / 2001 Introduction to psychology – Atkinson – Hilgard – 1983 The science of mind and behaviour – Gross – 1999 The oxford companion to the mind – Gregory – 1987

WEATHER HAZARDS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

WEATHER HAZARDS - Research Paper Example In addition, Thunderstorms and high-wind events caused the most injuries and deaths while lightning events caused the least injuries. However, none of the weather hazards caused any damage to crops (Virginia Department of Emergency Management, 2004). It is also evident in the table that Tropical storms and Hurricanes caused a lot of damage to properties and crops in the counties of Maryland. They also caused the most injuries and only one death. The tornados also caused damage to properties and crops, many injuries and four deaths. The ice events and snow, lightning events and thunderstorms and high-wind events also caused many assets and crop damage many injuries and fatalities (Homeland Security and Emergency Management agency, 2013). From the table, it can be seen that also the tropical storms and the hurricanes caused the most damage to crops and properties 333 injuries and nine deaths. Lighting events caused the least damage and only two injuries. Tornadoes, snow and ice events, thunderstorms and high wind events also caused some damage to the property and crops. The snow and ice events caused the most injuries as compared to other weather hazards. It also produced the most number of deaths. The Tornados, thunderstorms, high-wind events, and lightning events did not cause any deaths (Emergency Management agency,

Business Operations at BMW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words - 2

Business Operations at BMW - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that every other accolade that is used to describe a successful company can be used to describe Bayerische Motoren Werke AG, commonly referred to as BMW AG or simply BMW. This is because since 1916 that the company was established as a car, motorcycle and vehicle engine manufacturer, the company has not looked back in terms of growth and expansion. Headquartered in Germany, BMW specializes in several divisions of production, including Mini, BMW Motorsport, BMW I, and BMW Motorrad. Interestingly, BMW is not the kind of company that can be said to be operating in a monopoly market where competition is relatively absent. This is because the company operates in the automobile industry where there continues to be tough and stiff opposition from several other successful carmakers. Within Germany where the company is parented and the larger global market, there is very stiff opposition that the company faces by the day. Even within Germany alone, BMW is regarded as one of the â€Å"Germany Big 3† together with Audi and Mercedes Benz, all of which are engaged best-selling of luxury automobiles across the globe. On the larger global market, other competitors can be identified such as Toyota, Benz, and Kia. In such competitive environments, Film notes that the success of companies relies and depend largely on a critical understanding of their competing market, as well as the business operations dynamics that exist within these markets. Knowing one’s customers and the best strategic options that best corresponds with the needs of customers is also important in ensuring survival on the competitive global market.

English SLP 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

English SLP 4 - Essay Example s an evidence that a few decades back, the society considered women specially the wives to be an alien species who would silently perform all the activities required to manage everyday household functions and at the same time they are expected to have multi-tasking abilities. In her essay Brady states that she wishes to go back to the school and she wishes become financially independent. She explains that she too needs â€Å"someone† who will do all the works in her house and will prepare her for the school. â€Å"Someone† who will look after her kids during the period when she will be attending the school. She needs someone who will keep all the records of the children’s doctor and dentist and would contact him in case the children fell sick. At the same time that someone would take care of Judy’s doctor and dentist records too. â€Å"Someone† is needed by Judy who will â€Å"make sure my children eat properly and are kept clean† (drsterlingellsworth.com, n.d.). The â€Å"someone† would also look after the clothes of her children. The â€Å"someone† is also expected to prepare the kids perfectly for their school, â€Å"someone† should have a social life with whom she should visit the zoo, fu rther that â€Å"someone† must not forget to take care of the children in the mean time and should provide them with â€Å"special care† during the times they fell sick. She must also earn money but she must not dedicate all her time towards her job. She should keep the house neat and clean and she is also expected to wash and iron my clothes. She would ensure the arrangement of my personal things in a manner that whenever I would look for a thing I would find it instantly. Further she must be a good cook and she must save money while shopping for groceries. She should not get tired after cooking because it is her duty to serve the cooked food with a smile on her face. She must also cleanse the tables after the dinner and lunch without complaining. Judy adds that while the

ISA Server Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

ISA Server - Research Paper Example However, the first edition has many restrictions and it was designed to be compatible with only a few of the Internet protocols. Furthermore, the second version was useful and it has expected function and one of its great functions, is to use Windows NT account databases. Finally, they came up with ISA Server, which has many tools and functions. ISA Server supports so many functions that its editions before. In addition, ISA Server components a lot of options and one of most important options is that Firewall. Moreover, it can support any version of Windows Server from Windows 2000 and they are used to offer certain security functions either at individual level or group level. Other than that, the Policy-based administration, Virtual Private network support, Proxy Server, Web Cache, and Dynamic IP filtering are other functions or tools that ISA Server provides. Finally, this paper is continuing talking about its functions and what hardware and software are required to use it also method of installed it and configured it (Shinder, Shinder, & Grasdal). The Internet Security and Acceleration Server (ISA Server) is a specialized server that offers a network layer firewalls for organizations and Web Cache solutions for windows. It is also helpful in providing secured and reliable internet connectivity. ISA server is multi featured product that can help any organization in a variety of ways and helps in providing a unique system of securing the internet connectivity with incorporated firewall, VPN server, and gateway along with a Web proxy. ISA server can be configured to provide all of the above facilities or can be set up for any one of the sub set requirement. This feature has an edge for the ISA server with other servers that the installation of the program is without any disruption or interference in the activities of work at the same time

Schizophrenia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Schizophrenia - Essay Example Hallucinations, which are caused by disturbances of sensory perceptionThe first signs of schizophrenia often, appear as confusing, or even and/or delusions, which are false yet strongly held personal beliefs that result from an inability to separate real from unreal experiences. Less obvious symptoms, such as social isolation or withdrawal, or unusual speech, thinking, or behavior, may precede, be seen along with, or follow the psychotic symptoms. There are a lot of myths about this kind of disorder. Some say that their body is being housed with evil spirits; some say that they are usually dangerous and should not be getting close with. Actually people with this disorder are more likely to be victims and not the criminals. They are usually misjudged and misunderstood. Approximately there is 1 percent of the population will acquire schizophrenia during their lifetime. About 2 million of the Americans are suffering from this kind of disorder in every year. There is an equal frequency effects of this disorder to men and women but the men's symptoms for this disorder appear much early compared to the women (Michigirl, 2005). A news story from Crime and Justice (1998) reported about a case of a boy named Klarquist, who committed crime of 13 offenses. He had a history about this kind of disease was brought to the hospital while young because he clawed his own eye out. He was brought to be treated by psychiatric tests but was being out and lived normally after that incidence. But as he was in his adolescence he clawed his other eye again which made him officially blind. They were able to find a remedy to restore the eyesight of his other eye and therefore can still see. In October 1997, the devastating effects of that illness became clear to Klarquist's family. Driving his car north in the southbound lanes of Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, Klarquist plowed into five other cars waiting at the stoplight on East Burnside Street. "He went across the intersection aiming his car at the people there," said John Colby, the deputy district attorney assigned to the case. Although no one was very seriously injured, Colby's theory was that Klarquist was trying to commit suicide. Klarquist was charged with 13 offenses, including second-degree assault, a crime that carries a mandatory minimum sentence of almost six years in prison. Klarquist pleaded guilty but he used the insanity defense, agreeing to serve 10-year sentence under the jurisdiction of the Psychiatric Security Review Board. With this case, Klarquist should be treated to a hospital for such disorder but he was not given a chance. The hospital did not accept Klarquist because his paper works was not properly filled out. While he was waiting for the case and mess to clear out he took out his eyes. It was clear that he was not really given a fair treatment. Thought his papers were not filed out properly with his prior treatment about his disorder, he should still be accepted by the hospital. The hospital who did accept him during his treatment after his trial should be sued. The ethics has gone away by neglecting any patient that has to be treated. It is their duty to help those people and should not just rely on the processing of his papers. With this case, it is very clear that the society is really misunderstanding this kind of people. They don't know about the disorder so they judge too quickly.

To what extent, if at all, can leadership style affect employee work Essay

To what extent, if at all, can leadership style affect employee work motivation - Essay Example Competent leaders are able to propel an organization ahead through effective management of resources, maintenance of a favorable working environment as well as employee motivation. This paper evaluates the extent, if at all, can leadership style affect employee work motivation. It highlights various motivational strategies applied by leaders to generate contentment and competence among employees. Leadership Style and Employee Motivation Bureaucratic leadership is one of the styles that affect employee motivation. The entire organizational processes are accomplished according to the predetermined procedures, and all employees understand their roles in the process. None of them has a right to change any of the steps involved. Decision making is centralized, with no room for employees to apply their judgment in undertaking the tasks. This leadership style lowers employee motivation and hinders inventiveness. The workers suffer from inferiority complex as they feel that the leader is the only person who can make the right decision. The style leads to dissatisfaction of staff due to monotony and rigidity of leadership (Khurana, 2002). In Laissez-Faire leadership style, the leader focuses on maintaining interest among the workers due to the understanding that they need to be enthusiastic about their work for them to relate effectively with clients. The leader generates employee satisfaction through appreciating workers’ contribution to the accomplishment of organizational goals. Employees appreciate being trusted by the leader. They are allowed to complete various tasks on their own, especially in situations where the leader possesses confidence in their competence. Laissez-Faire leadership is a significant factor for an organization’s success since the leader has the capacity to develop strong working teams among the employees. Such leaders encourage flexible work practices such as developing their own work plan and engaging in activities outside the o rganization where they organize meetings with clients without supervision among other aspects of organizational flexibility. This leadership style allows the employees to own the organizational goals (Gemmill and Oakley, 1992). Charismatic leadership is significant in a leader’s ability to motivate employees. Such leaders possess allure and elegance, which are admired by many people. They have self-belief and confidence that are a major factor for success in leading workers to accomplish tasks. The Charismatic Leader gathers followers through personality and charm, rather than any form of external power or authority. As Conger & Kanungo (1998) observe, charismatic leaders are encouraging to their subordinates and try to pay attention to all. They try to make each person to feel important and appreciated. Reynolds (2000) observes that charismatic leaders encourage employees to feel relaxed when airing their views regarding their work. This is an important strategy that helps i n motivating employees to be inventive and has been core to the success of many organizations. A charismatic leader can be placed at level 5 of Jim Collins leadership hierarchy (Collins, 2001). He/she is determined to promote and accomplish his vision while on the other hand remains modest in his relationship with the subordinates. He/she regards his success as the success of the organization. The leader’s self esteem helps in maintaining confidence to utilize emerging

Heart attack Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Heart attack - Case Study Example Lack of this results in the death of its muscle cells which brings about heart attack. This disorder is also referred to as a myocardial infarction as it results in a permanent death of the heart muscle. ‘Myo’ means muscle, ‘cardial’ is the heart while ‘infaction’ refers to the death of a tissue due to lack of blood supply. A possible remedy for this disorder is angioplasty. This refers to a surgical unblocking or repair of the coronary artery. This surgical procedure is often done to open up blocked or narrow coronary arteries and reinstate the flow of blood to the heart muscle. A coronary stent is a small, expandable tube that is used in the treatment of narrowed or blocked coronary artery. This tube is placed in the coronary artery to keep it open so as to ensure a constant flow of blood to the heart muscle. Coronary stents are placed in the affected coronary artery during a procedure referred to as angioplasty or percutaneous coronary interv ention (PCI). Coronary stents treat heart attack disorder as they ensure that the coronary artery remains open. This ensures that there is a constant and continuous flow of blood to the heart muscles through the coronary artery. Insertion of a coronary stent is considered to be minimally invasive as it does not involve any major incisions. It is done within a short period of time and the patients undergo less discomfort as compared to other heart procedures. Additionally, it only takes a short period of time for the patient to achieve full recovery.

Psalms Team Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Psalms Team Analysis - Essay Example The other category is the praise and thanksgiving Psalms. As the name suggests it is normally used when people are thanking God and praising Him for the good deeds that he has done unto them. It is normally used when thanking God after a blessing or a good deed. Another category is that of the Hymn psalms. They are normally divided into Creation Hymns and Divine Kingship.. They are normally used to recognize the majestic Power of God. They were used to describe the relationship at existed etween he Israelites and God. This type of psalm is best used when praising God and acknowledging that he is Lord and the God of all Gods. His powers are above all and he should be worshipped by all. There is another category of Trust psalms. These are normally used when one is facing a certain trial or tribulation. An individual or a group asks for divine intervention from God. Royal psalms on he other hand is a category that was used or rather directed to the kings. They were used to guide and praise the kings who ruled over the people. Wisdom psalsms were designed for guiding or rather offering techings. They are mostly applicable when one wants to learn more about the word of

A comparative case study of Japan and China Research Paper

A comparative case study of Japan and China - Research Paper Example It was experienced from the 1929 to late 1930s for some countries and early 1940s for others. It is believed that most of the countries came out of the depression as a result of the Second World War. This depression was the longest, widespread and deepest depression of the 20th century and is believed to have started in the United States and spread to other parts of the world. A depression results after a prolonged recession and results in loss of income, reduced profits, decline in trade, and increased unemployment among others. There have been various recessionary periods over the last several decades especially the Japanese lost decade of the 1990s, the Asian crisis and the recent financial crisis of 2008 but not to the magnitude of the great depression. The paper will discuss the various policies undertaken by the governments of Japan and China in response to the crisis and why the policies were adopted as well as their effectiveness in overcoming the crisis. Japan and China had almost similar conditions in that they relied on export of cash crops to the US and European countries especially silk and cotton. They also had most of the population as small agricultural farmers hence were affected much as a result of declining crop prices. However, Japan was under the gold standard system of monetary policy while China was under the silver standard hence not affected much by the great depression... The Keynesians who rely on demand side macroeconomics attribute the great depression to fall in demand and international trade. A fall in demand or underconsumption and overinvestment results in an economic bubble and coupled with incompetence of government policies resulted in lack of confidence (Frank & Bernanke, 8). The lack of confidence resulted in decline in consumption spending as well as investment spending causing panic among bankers and deflation. The investors found it more profitable to hold money rather than invest as profits were declining hence reacted by keeping clear of markets leading to low economic activity. Low activity leads to unemployment and loss of income thus aggravating the situation due to reduced demand. The decline in prices also meant that consumers could buy a lot of goods with less money hence they did not demand more of the goods leading to drop in demand. This causes a recession which refers to a period of economic downturn as a result in reduced a ggregate demand. A prolonged recession leads to a depression. The monetarists on the other hand, explain that the depression was as a result of ordinary recession. In the business cycle, recessions do occur and are necessary to stimulate the economy but it is government policies undertaken at such a time that worsen the situation. The monetarists thus believe that policy mistakes by the monetary policy authorities were the cause of the depression. The policies caused the shrinking of money supply thus worsening the situation (Bernanke, 5). The decline in money supply due to contractionary monetary policy and bank failures beginning 1930 was believed to have caused the depression. The federal government did not use expansionary monetary policy to counter the decline in money

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example â€Å"Daddy,† according to the argument presented by Strangeways, is a political poem which portrays the holocaust and oppression in deeply subjective, personalised and emotive terms. Narbeshuber contends that critics have misinterpreted both Plath’s â€Å"Daddy and â€Å"Lady Lazarus† as journeys into the poet’s own tortured and troubled psyche. This is not true. â€Å"Daddy,† as with the other mentioned poem, constitutes a declaration of rebellion against the standardized and acceptable images of the female and her relationship with the men in her life. Society and culture have imposed certain behaviors on the female, all of which insist that she be submissive, beautiful and soft spoken. In â€Å"Daddy† Plath declares her rejection of these images and behaviors through outright rebellion. Therefore, this poem should not be read as one which reveals the poet’s own troubled psyche and weakness but as one which declares her strength and independence of societal images and stereotypes. Frye argues that Olsen’s short story is not only an exploration of the complexities of the mother-daughter relationship, as the majority of critics have maintained but, an exploration of the complexities of the mother’s own memories and psyche. In its exploration of the mother’s past, Frye establishes a correlation between the past and the present, illustrating the extent to which the latter is immediately influenced and determined by the former. Frye contends that the authenticity of this story and the extent to which the mother’s memories come across as true leads to the suspicion that this story is an examination of Olsen’s own self. Cox argues that the story exposes the emptiness which dominates the lives of teenagers and which causes them to lose their way, both in the literal and figurative senses of the word. As she contends, the title of the story is not just indicative of its primary theme but instructs readers to interpret the

What form of audience do social tags of this kind enable Discuss the Essay

What form of audience do social tags of this kind enable Discuss the social and communicative properties of this kind of audience, using these tweets as evidence to support your claims - Essay Example Social tagging also plays a major role in connecting the users who have similar interests. The users can be able to share among themselves relevant piece of information regarding their area of interest (OReilly, & Milstein, 2009). Different tweets are usually posted to address different types of audiences. The different types of audiences have a common characteristic in that they are all imaginary in the mind of the writer. The three main types of audiences to which tweets can be addressed include (Clark 2012); the writer’s audience, the networked audience, and the broadcast audience. The writer’s audience: In this type of audience, the user tries to imagine the potential audience that have a high likelihood of gaining interest in the intended tweet and composes the tweet that is tailored for the perceived audience. The user tries to form a picture of the audience in his/her mind in order to compose a tweet that will meet the needs of that specified group of audience. The user usually expects responses from the audience. The broadcast audience: In type of audience, the user does not have a specific group of audiences in mind. The user just composes a tweet that is intended for any audience. For this situation, the user does not expect to get any response regarding the tweet. They compose a tweet that is meant for the consumption of the general public, and response for them is not a priority. The networked audience: This type of audience combines the characteristics of both the writer and the broadcast audience. Unlike in the broadcast audience, the user here composes a tweet that is intended of a large group of audience, but he/she has an idea of the type of audience to which the tweet is intended for. Just like in the writer’s audience, the user here also expects to get responses from the audience regarding the tweet. According to the sample tweets that have been provided, the form of audience that is most likely to be enable is the

Comparison of Shakespearean Adaptations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparison of Shakespearean Adaptations - Essay Example The 1996 film entitled â€Å"Twelfth Night† and the more recent adaptation of the Shakespearean story, entitled â€Å"She’s the Man†, are two great movies showing how the story is told in the modern era. The two films use different techniques which are obviously made not only for entertainment but for different audiences as well. In this paper, the films will be compared and contrasted according to audience, plot, telling of the story, revelation of character, conflict, opposing forces and camera angles. â€Å"Twelfth Night† did not change much of the Shakespearean story when it comes to the setting and the use of the old English language. This makes the film look and sound very Elizabethan. It has been created for audiences who appreciate the great works of the genius and would rather watch adaptations set in a theatrical manner. The film presents the performers having long and boring conversations that viewers really have to listen intently for them to b e able to follow and understand the story. On the contrary, â€Å"She’s the Man† has been created for the modern viewer who appreciates not only the story but also the use of technological advancements. The conversations are short and scenes change more often than the former movie. There is a lot of editing made which makes the film more interesting and there is also a modification of the story to match modern settings for it to be more believable, considering the modern culture in America. â€Å"Twelfth Night† tells the story of a woman, Viola and her identical twin brother, Sebastian, who thought they have lost each other in a shipwreck. To get to the man she loves, Viola acts as a man and names herself Cesario. She then becomes the trusted friend of Count Orsino, the love of her life. However, the count was hopelessly in love with the beautiful Olivia and he asks his new friend to persuade the woman for him. Contrary to what was expected, Olivia fell in love with the disguised Viola. Meanwhile, Sebastian has come to town with a friend who rescued him during the shipwreck and when Viola/ Cesario was fighting with another admirer of Olivia, Sebastian’s friend came along, saving the pitiful young woman. When the admirer went after Cesario, he found Sebastian instead who courageously fought Olivia’s admirer. When Olivia came out, the other men dispersed and Sebastian and Olivia were left behind. Overwhelmed and naturally attracted by Olivia’s beauty, the man followed the woman to the priest without question and they got married. However, just after a few moments, Count Orsino and Cesario came and all the characters met at the front of Olivia’s house and the twins came to realize that they both survived the shipwreck after all. Count Orsino learns that his trusted friend loves him and proposes that she become his mistress and the comedy ends with the conflicts being settled. â€Å"She’s the Man† pres ents a different story without getting rid of all the important elements of the story. Viola is a part of a women’s soccer team at Cornwall which gets cut. Due to her love for the sports, the young lady cannot accept what happened and proposes that they join the men’s team. However, that is not allowed. Meanwhile, trying to escape his mother, Viola’s identical twin brother tells her his plans and asks her to do something for him in order to cover for his absences in school. Viola then comes with the bright idea of taking the place of his brother while he is away in order for her to get to the soccer team and she does so quite successfully. However, she fell in love with his roommate, Duke who was so deeply in love with the school’s hottest girl, Olivia. The woman on the other hand falls in love with the sensitive Viola/Sebastian but since s/he showed no interest in the woman, Duke asks

Comparison of credibility (accuracy) of S&P and Moody's ratings before Literature review

Comparison of credibility (accuracy) of S&P and Moody's ratings before and after the US financial crisis - Literature review Example These rating systems have also influenced the U.S capital markets by enabling the U.S financial markets to examine the credit risks. S&P and Moody’s ratings play significant roles in the capital markets; thus, the rating agencies employ them in measuring the expected financial losses (Langohr and Langohr, 2008). This is crucial because they enable the financial market to respond to financial insecurity or risks. This is through establishing regulatory approaches that protect the financial markets from incurring losses. S&P and Moody frequently provide financial analysis to the analysts and issues standard public financial statement of the U.S banks on credit conditions. They also carry out credit ratings in order to offer investors with adequate information; hence enabling them to overcome credit crisis. Moreover, they have influenced the US financial market by enabling them to make financial analysis in order to determine the strength of banking institutions. They have enable d them to split bonds and rate the financial institutions against each other in order to determine their performance level. ... Thus, through S&P and Moody rating services, the U.S financial institutions have enabled to improve their business performance level. Literature Review on the Methodology Changes of S&P and Moody's After All the Criticism It Has Faced On Their In Credibility and Accuracy of Their Published Ratings Varied literature have attempted to reveal the methodology changes of S&P and Moody’s after they faced varied criticism on their credibility and accuracy issues. They have made great efforts of becoming more cautious in order to recover their reputations after the criticism during the recent financial crisis. The S&P and Moody's, as well as, other credit rating agencies have been a subject of controversy; thus, they have been criticized for not being accurate and credible. These agencies faced severe criticism especially during the recent rise of gasoline in the U.S that contributed to a global financial crisis (Eccleston, 2013. However, the credit rating agencies have made significa nt attempts of making changes in rating system; thus, they have focused on creditworthiness, which has become the key aspects in the financial markets. S &P have attempted to implement varied methodologies and this has changed drastically after the 2007 to 2008 global financial crisis. Before the crisis Moody's employed RiskCalc model for estimating private industries default risks. However, the current regulatory approach, which is characterized by capital ratios, stress tests among other methodologies makes it necessary in rating activities. Anand and Subramanian (2013) reveal that S&P and Moody's have made significant efforts of responding to criticism by increasing the regulatory use of ratings in order to reduce financial risks. This regulatory

Protestant Ethic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Protestant Ethic - Essay Example He finds those sources in the Protestant reformation, especially in Calvinism. It is Weber's conviction that factual reasonable capitalism increased out of Protestant asceticism. Christian asceticism, at the start escaping from the world into solitude, had currently directed the world which it had renounced from the monastery and through the Church. But it had, on the entire, left the routinely spontaneous feature of every day life in the world untouched. Now it strode into the marketplace of life, banged the doorway of the monastery behind it, and undertook to penetrate just that every day usual of life with its methodicalness, to latest tendency it into a life in the world, but neither of neither for this world. t is only essential to believe of the Rhine homeland and of Calw. In this solely introductory consideration it is pointless to stack up more examples. For these couple of currently all display one thing: that the essence of hard work, of advancement, or anything additional it might may be called, the awakening of which one is inclined to ascribe to Protestantism, should not be appreciated, as there is a inclination to do, as delight of dwelling neither in any other sense as attached with the Enlightenment. The vintage Protestantism of Luther, Calvin, Knox, Voet, had prized little to do with what today is called progress. To entire facets of up to date life which the m ost farthest religionist would not desire to stifle today, it was exactly hostile. If any inward connection between certain signs of the vintage Protestant essence and up to date capitalistic heritage is to be discovered, we should try to find it, for better o r poorer, not in its supposed more or less materialistic or not less than anti-ascetic delight of dwelling, but in its solely devout characteristics. Montesquieu states (Esprit des Lois, Book XX, chap. 7) of the English that they "had progressed the most distant of all p eoples of the world in three significant things: in piety, in business, and in freedom". Is it not likely that their financial superiority and their adaptation to free political organisations are attached in someway with that record of piety which Montes quieu ascribes to them A large number of likely connections, vaguely seen, happen to us when we put the inquiry in this way. It will now be our task to formulate what happens to us confusedly as apparently as is likely, contemplating the inexhaustib le diversity to be discovered in all chronicled material. But in alignment to do this it is essential to depart behind the vague and general notions with which we have administered up to this issue, and try to Penetrate into the peculiar characteristics of and the dissimilaritie s between those large worlds of devout considered which have lived historic in the diverse parts of Christianity. This extract, possibly more than any other, states apparently the essence of The Protestant Ethic. Weber accepts as factual that the ascetic essence of Protestantism is to blame for the development of reasonable capitalism. This ascetic impulse not only motored the early Protestants to a life of hard work, especially work inside a calling, but furthermore eradicated any tendencies to relish life, and therefore, to spend their hard acquired incomes. This extract apparently

The accounting policies of Marks and Spencer Essay

The accounting policies of Marks and Spencer - Essay Example   The first part of the report analyses the development of two accounting policies regarding tangible fixed assets and intangible one. To make the analysis more critical, comparisons with the main competitors of Marks and Spencer are drawn illustrating the controversial development of the selected policies. The second part of the report deals with the analysis of transition from UK GAAP to IFRS with specific respect to the following issues: treatment for property, property leases, employee benefits, share-based payments, intangible assets, and financial instruments. During their lifetime companies acquire property, which should be treated as assets according to the accounting standards. Meanwhile most of the property types have a 'lifetime' span, a time period, called useful economic life, during which an asset is used. To reflect the useful economic life in financial statements, profit and loss account receives regular portion of the cost of an asset. This expense is known as depr eciation. In other words, depreciation represents the extent to which economic value of an asset has been consumed by the business. There are different accounting policies on depreciation, but the most commonly used two are straight line depreciation and reducing balance. The one that is used by Marks and Spencer is the straight line depreciation. "Depreciation is provided to write off the cost or valuation of tangible fixed assets, less residual value, by equal annual instalments" (Marks and Spencer, 2005a, p. 33). That means the company pays the cost of an asset minus its value after its useful economic life expires by equal portions annually. Thus, fixtures fittings and equipment as a type of property has useful economic life of 3-15 years in the accounting policy of Marks and Spencer - that means, during that time the company annually pays its cost less residual value divided into 3-15 equal portions. Another popular policy of depreciation is reducing balance. In this case the d epreciation in each year is calculated as the percentage of the un-depreciated value. For instance, if the purchase cost of an asset is 100 and the reducing balance rate is 20% then the first year depreciation is 100*0.2=20 and the second year depreciation is (100-20)*0.2=16. The reducing balance rule is used to reflect the fact that the value of some assets falls more rapidly in the first years of use than in the last ones. As can be seen in theory the reducing balance policy can go on forever, with annual portions reducing ad infinitum. Generally, after 95% of the initial cost has been depreciated all the rest is written off in the next portion. The difference of these two methods is as follows: while the straight line depreciation is the simplest of all methods, the reducing balance allows taking the advantage of larger tax deductions in early years.  

The role of the IMF in helping poor and debt-troubled countries Case Study - 5

The role of the IMF in helping poor and debt-troubled countries - Case Study Example International Monetary Fund is financial institution that amasses its funds through contributions from countries using quota systems. These resources are however, availed to developing countries to boost their economic growth, reduce poverty, reduce unemployment, and provide enabling environment for political stability. Poor and debt-troubled countries need financial support and International Monetary Fund plays instrumental role in ensuring availability of favorable exchange rates and money that is used to improve infrastructure, boost education, and run day-to-day activities of the government. Despite the help, International Monetary Fund levies high charges on countries, which borrow money thus rendering them slaves of the developed countries because they cannot pay the debts within the agreed time. Poor countries continue being poor because the International Monetary Fund regulates the policies that govern the rates and value of money ( Copelovitch, 2010). Financial assistance from IMF is advanced to countries facing financial problems for instances, balance of payment deficit, and unfavorable terms of trade. In this regard, actual and potential countries in financial difficulties are assisted. Actual borrowers are countries, which need financial support to run their routine activities and this includes states that have borrowed money at one instance. Potential borrowers are countries that are vulnerable for instance, under civil war, gained independence, and facing economic recession. Furthermore, borrowing countries have to be member states of IMF and have to abide by the rules and regulations laid down by the organization. The countries have to be aware of the penalties and processes to be followed before receiving funding. Abiding by the strategies, visions, and missions of the organization aids in reducing default rate. On the other hand, the projects and programs which the money is borrowed for must be

Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan Essay Example for Free

Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan Essay Thomas Hobbes’ â€Å"Leviathan† is one of the most influential socio-political works during his time, extending even up to contemporary times. I for one will not be surprised to know that, precisely because the book itself is widely read and contains thoughts which are uniquely presented. Other than being a ‘revolutionizing’ approach to view society and politics, the â€Å"Leviathan† also shares a new way of understanding the structure of the society. Hobbes’ argument essentially focuses on the presumption that human beings are selfish and hungry for power, desiring to preserve their lives away from the harms of the chaotic state of nature. If I lived during the time when the book was published, I certainly will be surprised to some extent after reading the book since those years were the years of strict conformity to the existing status quo among the nations. In the book, Hobbes speaks about a sovereign, a person who will make sure that the people in the society will be accorded their safety against the threats of others. This proves to be of help especially when in a chaotic state where people will not hesitate to harm others, or perhaps even kill, just to preserve their own lives. A ruler will have to make sure that, indeed, the security of the people will be preserved under all conditions. However, I find rather difficult for the people under the violence of the state of nature to arrive at the decision to have a specific leader. Given the dire conditions of that state, is it really possible to choose among them a leader without ever arriving at more violence precisely because each of them has desires to preserve their selves? This might be a possibility, I think, since a chaotic state might be very difficult to tame down, especially for a single person. Nevertheless, it seems that Hobbes answers this question by positing the idea that although humans are selfish and seek power, they still have fear for their lives, or that they have fear of a violent death. With this in mind, it may be pointed out that the fear of a violent death gives ample room for a chaotic state of nature to be managed in one way or another. But is fear of a violent death a necessary condition for the people to begin thinking of choosing a sovereign among their number? I think that this may not be the sole necessary condition precisely because fear of a violent death may only inhibit certain violent actions of humans in the state of nature. They may hinder themselves from killing others or from inflicting violence upon others, but this does not altogether extinguish their desire for power and the preservation of the self. In the end, the selfishness of humans will still take a large role in their lives and in their decisions. What if Thomas Hobbes is truly right when he argues that the fear of a violent death will cause humans to eventually enter into a social contract and choose a sovereign? It may only mean that humans are compelled to enter into a social contract because their desire to preserve their welfare overrides their desire for power. But if the sovereign has already been elected, will the sovereign not resort to a dictatorial type of leadership given that the sovereign has the highest power in the state? I believe the chosen sovereign may have the tendencies of putting up a dictatorial regime simply because he still has that desire for power and that to secure the leader’s position in the state, the leader will have to make certain that there will be no possibility of a power-grab. Since the sovereign now has higher powers in the state above everybody else, it will not be difficult for the sovereign to eventually declare a dictatorial rule so that the leader can deprive all those who will desire to replace him in his position the chances of doing so. It seems, then, that the dire circumstances during the state of nature still have certain trickles of influences in the state after the social contract. Reference Hobbes, T. (1997). Leviathan (1st Touchstone ed. ). New York, NY: Touchstone.

Are our zoos cruel to wild animals Essay Example for Free

Are our zoos cruel to wild animals Essay Zoos are places that often visited by the people for recreation, moreover for the family who has child. They can find many kinds of animal, without going to the wild forest. Zoos can make the visitors happy, but it might not be the same condition as the wild animals feeling. I trust that zoos are cruel to the faunas. Numeruous people think that zoos are good for the wild animals. Keeping animals in the zoos can save the animals from extinction than let them free in their habitat. In their wild habitat, the animal might be killed by their enemies. If they live in the zoo, they could not be killed by their predators because they live in each cage. In addition, they also think that not all of the zoo are cruel to the wild animal because some of them have standart operational procedures how to protect animal in the zoos, for example is Safari Park Zoos, the biggest zoos in Indonesia. On the other hand, there are some reasons that can explain why zoos are cruel to the animals. First of all, zoos are not condusive for wild animals life. They should live in their free habitat. They could feel bored with the limited place that is available in the zoo. Also they cannot interact with the other animals. It can make them feel depressed. If the faunas feel uncomfortable with their habitat, they cannot reproduce well. So, their offspring will be stopped and the wild animals will be extinct. Except that, the zookeepers also make some mistakes. The zookeepers usually does not take care of the animals. They does not give the suitable food for the animals, does not keep the animals clean, and does not give the good treatment for the animals which are getting sick. The zookeeper sometimes exploitate the animals for their commercial aims. They do not care with their condition. Perhaps the wild animal is already tired, but the zookeeper still force them to entertain the visitors. The examples are elephant and dolphin which work hard for entertainment events in the zoo. All in all, it requires the zoos management to improve their ability in managing the zoos. They can decorate the zoos as similar as possible to their natural habitat. They also should make training for the zookepers. So, they can give the better treatment for the animals.

Job Satisfaction in MNCs

Job Satisfaction in MNCs Job Satisfaction in MNC Introduction Job satisfaction is one of most important fields of study in the subject of human resource management. This important role of job satisfaction function leads the way in assuring high level of job satisfaction among the employees. Job satisfaction function of any HR vertical of an organization is primarily responsible for productivity of employees and the employee turnover. Since these two aspects can make or break the organizations performance in all areas, it requires attention from top management. Job satisfaction function generally is part of the HR vertical with a clear mandate of motivating employee and continuously striving for higher employee job satisfaction through introduction of new policies and frameworks. The topic forms an integral part of organizational effectiveness and that has instigated me to choose this topic of job satisfaction. I shall try to study the existing literature on job satisfaction and will choose multinational companies to study their varied job satis faction strategies and make analysis. Job satisfaction function is a vast topic and cannot be completely covered in this dissertation. Various researchers have already published their research articles on this subject. I shall be developing on it through understanding the different strategies used by MNCs in todays business environment for maintaining better levels of job satisfaction. Job satisfaction as stated earlier is a complex topic and hence i will try to break it down to simpler and more realistic frameworks to understand the thought process of an organization to ensuring better job satisfaction amongst its employees. According to Wood (1973), â€Å"job satisfaction is the condition of contentment with ones work and its environment, denoting a positive attitude.† Locke (1976) stated that, â€Å"job satisfaction could be viewed as a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job or job experiences.† In other words, it can also be stated that, â€Å"job satisfaction was simply a function of the degree to which a job provided the worker with positively values outcomes.† Wanous (1980) said that, â€Å"job satisfaction was a match between a persons need and the reinforcement received from work performed in an organization.† The HR vertical of any organization shall try to achieve higher levels of job satisfaction through various techniques like awards program, job rotation, internal promotion scheme, family tours and training processes. There is no destination to achieving job satisfaction but the journey is perpetual in nature. Continuous improvement is the name of the game in achieving relatively good job satisfaction amongst the employees. The measure of job satisfaction can only be achieved through comparison in similar industries and through the employee turnover and productivity data. Job satisfaction is one of the most widely discussed and enthusiastically studied constructs. However, job satisfaction is among the most difficult constructs to define. A review of literature shows that constituted definitions of the construct vary from one researcher to the next. Wood (1973) describe the job satisfaction as â€Å"the condition of contentment with ones work and its in my mind, denoting a positive attitude†(p.8.). Locke (1976) stated that job satisfaction could be viewed as â€Å" a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job or job experiences.† (p.1300) there are several reasons for studying job satisfaction. â€Å" Organizations major job satisfaction primarily because of its presumed direct relationship to the short-term goals of cost reduction through increased individual productivity and reduced absences, errors, and turnover.† (Cranny et al, 1992). Levels of job dissatisfaction have been found to be related to job turnover, absences, and tardiness. Turnover rates have been the most consistent major associated with job satisfaction. The potential negative consequences of employee turnover in terms of the impact of organizations. Negative effects of job turnover can include: increased costs to recruit, select and train new employer; demoralization of remaining employees; decreased social relationships among employees; negative public relations; disruption of a hi-fi and two-day activities; and decreased organizational possibilities to pursue growth strategies. In fact, several researchers reported a significant relationship between absenteeism and job satisfaction. According to Lawler (1977), â€Å"the research evidence clearly shows that employees decisions about whether they will go to work on any given day and whether they will quit as affected by their feelings of job satisfaction. All the literature reviews on the subject have reached the same conclusion. The fact that present satisfaction influences future absenteeism and turnover clearly indicates that the commercial direction is from satisfaction to behavior.† The literature also reveals that there is a coalition chip between job satisfaction and variables such as achievement, recognition, the word itself, responsibility, advancement, policy and administration, supervision, salary, interpersonal relations, working conditions, EH, Ted Newell, educational level, job activities, and gender. The Purpose of the Study The purpose to choose this topic is to analyze the importance of job satisfaction in Multi National Companies (MNCs). The reason to go for MNCs is the increase in the shift over of the employees for future growth. The shifting, thus, includes the satisfaction in the given job role. Through my research, I will try to analyze the causes and effect relationship between the employee and the factors behind job satisfaction in a given MNC. Aim of the Study The main aim of the study is to investigate the remains leading to negative and positive job satisfaction in a MNC. The Objectives of the Study The key objectives of the chosen topic are: 1. Estimating the causes of employee attitudes. 2. Adjudging the results of positive or negative job satisfaction 3. Measuring the employee attitude 4. To assess facet-specific levels of job satisfaction 5. To measure general job satisfaction, Literature Review There are several reasons for studying job satisfaction. â€Å"Organizations measure job satisfaction primarily because of its presumed direct relationship to the short-term goals of cost reduction through increased individual productivity and reduced absenteeism, errors, and dissatisfaction has been found to be related to job turnover, absenteeism and tardiness.† Turnover rates have been the most constraints measure associated with job satisfaction (Atchison Lofferts, 1972; Brayfield Crockett, 1955l Dawis Lofquist, 1981). Mowday (1984) recapitulate the probable pessimistic significance of employee turnover in terms of the impact on organizations. There are various impacts of pessimism in job satisfaction on the turnover of the company such as: * Increase in the recruitment cost. * Recruiting new employees and then training them as well. * It can lead to reduced social relations ships among employees. * No or only few public relations. * Reduction in companys prospects which can hamper the growth. According to Lawler (2005), â€Å"the research evidence clearly shows that employees decisions about whether they will get to work on any given day and whether they will quit are effected by their feelings of job satisfaction. The fact that present satisfaction influences future absenteeism and turnover clearly indicates the causal direction is from satisfaction to behavior†. There is a correlation between job satisfaction and variables such as achievement, recognition, the work itself, responsibility, advancement, policy and administration, working conditions, supervision, job activities and gender. Research Methodology Saunders et al (2005) â€Å"Research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure†. The research to be followed is a step-by-step process. This makes the entire research process systematic. Only primary research shall be used to draw inferences. The sources used shall be of international repute and will be trustworthy. The main source will be case study and also some books, journals, articles and publications including Internet sources. Literature review Job satisfaction in regards to ones feeling or state of mind regarding nature of their work. Job can be influenced by variety of factors like quality of ones relationship with their supervisor, quality of physical environment in which they work, degree of fulfillment in their work, etc. Positive attitude towards job are equivalent to job satisfaction where as negative attitude towards job has been defined variously from time to time. In short job satisfaction is a persons attitude towards job. Job satisfaction is an attitude which results from balancing summation of many specific likes and dislikes experienced in connection with the job- their evaluation may rest largely upon ones success or failure in the achievement of personal objective and upon perceived combination of the job and combination towards these ends. According to pestonejee, â€Å"Job satisfaction can be taken as a summation of employees feelings in four important areas.† These are: 1. Job-nature of work (dull, dangerous, interesting), hours of work, fellow workers, opportunities on the job for promotion and advancement (prospects), overtime regulations, interest in work, physical environment, and machines and tools. 2. Management- supervisory treatment, participation, rewards and punishments, praises and blames, leaves policy and favoritism. 3. Social relations- friends and associates, neighbors, attitudes towards people in community, participation in social activity socialibility and caste barrier. 4. Personal adjustment-health and emotionality. Job satisfaction is an indicator of employee productivity and employee behavior at work. This may include inter employee relations, pro-activeness of employee, employee absenteeism no. of feedbacks from employees. These all factors are a direct measure of employee satisfaction of the job. The direct correlation has been established by earlier researchers and moreso there is logical evidence to it in any business or industry. The higher levels of job satisfaction is evident in an organization through lower absenteeism rates, low employee turnover, high employee productivity , proactively level of employees, labor unrest issues and participation in managerial decisions. Obviously, every organization desires for higher levels of employee job satisfaction; however it is a long drawn process with continuous improvement and direct focus from the senior leadership team of the organization. Job satisfaction cannot be used interchangeably with organizational morale; which the possessions of feeling have being accepted by and belonging to a group of employees through adherence to common goals and confidence in desirability of these goals. Morale is the by-product of the group, while job satisfaction is more an individual state of mind. DEFINITIONS OF JOB SATISFACTION Different authors give various definitions of job satisfaction. Some of them are taken from the book of D.M. Pestonjee â€Å"Motivation and Job Satisfaction† which are given below: As per Weiss, â€Å"Job satisfaction is defined as a pleasurable, emotional, state resulting from appraisal of ones job. â€Å"An effective reaction to ones job.† For Blum and Naylor, â€Å"Job satisfaction is general attitude, which is the result of many specific attitudes in three areas namely†: 1. Precise occupation features. 2. Personal distinctiveness 3. Group association exterior from the work According to Glimmer, â€Å"Job satisfaction is defined, as it is result of various attitudes the person hold towards the job, towards the related factors and towards the life in general.† Job satisfaction is defined as â€Å"any contribution, psychological, physical, and environmental circumstances that cause a person truthfully say, I am satisfied with my job.† Mr. Smith stated, â€Å"Job satisfaction is defined, as employees judgment of how well his job on a whole is satisfying his various needs† According to Locke, â€Å"Job satisfaction is defined as a pleasurable or positive state of mind resulting from appraisal of ones job or job experiences.† HISTORY OF JOB SATISFACTION The term job satisfaction was brought to lime light by hoppock (1935). He revived 35 studies on job satisfaction conducted prior to 1933 and observes that Job satisfaction is combination of psychological, physiological and environmental circumstances. That causes a person to say. â€Å"I m satisfied with my job†. Such a description indicate the variety of variables that influence the satisfaction of the individual but tell us nothing about the nature of Job satisfaction. Job satisfaction has been most aptly defined by Pestonjee (1973) as â€Å"a job, management, personal adjustment social requirement. Morse (1953) considers Job satisfaction as dependent upon job content, identification with the co., financial job status priding group cohesiveness.† One of the biggest preludes to the study of job satisfaction was the Hawthorne study. These studies (1924-1933), primarily credited to Elton Mayo of the Harvard Business School, sought to find the effects of various conditions (most notably illumination) on workers productivity. Hawthorne Studies It is considered to be one of the best researches done on the job satisfaction. It was conducted by Mayo, Roethlisberger Dickson during the late 1920s and early 1930s at the Western Electric Company. Western Electric Management enlisted the help of Harvard business School professor is Elton Mayo, F.J Roethlisberger, and William Dickson, to help increase the output of workers assembling telephone release. The research started out as an investigation of the effects of physical working conditions on worker productivity, but ended up very differently. Mayo, Roethlisberger Dickson originally begin experimenting with the amount of lighting, expecting that productivity would rise as elimination increased to an optimum level. However, the hypothesis that productivity would write just as elimination increased to an optimum level was strongly disapproved why, after several experiments in large departments of the plant, it was discovered that changes in productivity occurred quite independently of B level of elimination. Mayo, Roethlisberger Dickson then started experimenting by introducing rest pauses of different lengths and different frequencies during the work day, supplying coffee breaks at various points in the day, and shortening the length of the world today at the work week. The results of the second part of the experiment were more amazing there was an upward trend in output, regardless of the introduction or withdrawal of rest periods, lunches, coffee breaks, shorter workdays, or shorten workweeks. Furthermore, avoid the experiment ended after a year, and the original conditions of work were restored in all previous privileges withdrawn,† the daily and weekly output rose to our point higher than at any other time.† (Mayo, 1933, pp.62-63) In addition, morale among the relay assembly room workers improved dramatically. There was a sharp increase in the amount of socializing among workers after ours. Moreover, absenteeism decreased 80% (Roethlisberger Dickson 1939). According to Dawis Lofquist (1981),† the Hawthorne studies have been credited with limiting research into the causes of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction.† These researches eventually illustrated that original alterations in job situations provisionally enhanced efficiency (called the Hawthorne Effect). It was later found that this increase resulted, not from the new conditions, but from the knowledge of being observed. This finding provided strong evidence that people work for purposes other than pay, which paved the way for researchers to investigate other factors in job satisfaction. Scientific management (aka Taylorism) also had a significant impact on the study of job satisfaction. Frederick Winslow Taylors 1911 book, Principles of Scientific Management, argued that there was a single best way to perform any given work task. This book contributed to a change in industrial production philosophies, causing a shift from skilled labor and piecework towards the more modern approach of assembly lines and hourly wages. The initial use of scientific management by industries greatly increased productivity because workers were forced to work at a faster pace. However, workers became exhausted and dissatisfied, thus leaving researchers with new questions to answer regarding job satisfaction. It should also be noted that the work of W.L. Bryan, Walter Dill Scott, and Hugo Munsterberg set the tone for Taylors work. Some argue that Maslows hierarchy of needs theory, a motivation theory, laid the foundation for job satisfaction theory. This theory explains that people seek to satisfy five specific needs in life physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualization. This model served as a good basis from which early researchers could develop job satisfaction theories. Maslows hierarchy of needs Abraham Maslow, in a classic paper published in 1943, outlined the elements of an overall theory of human motivation. Maslow viewed human motivation in terms of a hierarchy of five needs: psychology: needs; safety need; belonging there is an alarm needs; S team needs; and, the need for self actualization (Maslow, 1970). According to Maslow, 1970, in the majors are motivated to fulfill whichever need was pre-portend, almost fourfold, for them at a given time. The pre-potency of the meat depended on the EBV twirls current situation and recent experiences. Starting with physical needs, which were most basic, each meat must be at least partially dissatisfied before the Indian visual experience to the desire to satisfy a need at the next higher level. Maslows need hierarchy is illustrated in 1. According to Sergiovanni (1984) and Davis and Newstrom (1989), physiological needs more likely to serve as motivators among workers in todays society, as most jobs issue or the fulfillment of physiological needs, such as food and shelter. However, higher level needs (belonging is and loved needs, S team needs, and the need for self actualization) may influence levels of employee motivation (Davis Newstrom, 1989). Levels of job satisfaction: Level can be defined as an extent, major, or degree of achievement. Job satisfaction is a difficult construct a defined. Job satisfaction can be defined generally as the degree to which individuals feel positively or negatively about their jobs. 2.3 IMPORTANCE OF JOB SATISFACTION Ø Job satisfaction is an important indicator of how employees feel about their job and a predictor of work behavior such as organizational, citizenship, Absenteeism, Turnover. Ø Job satisfaction can partially mediate the relationship of personality variables and deviant work behavior. Ø Common research finding is that job satisfaction is correlated with life style. This correlation is reciprocal meaning the people who are satisfied with the life tends to be satisfied with their jobs and the people who are satisfied their jobs tends to satisfied with their life. Ø This is vital piece of information that is job satisfaction and job performance is directly related to one another. Thus it can be said that, â€Å"A happy worker is a productive worker.† 2.4 Job Satisfaction: Importance to worker organization Job contentment and work-related achievement are main factors in individual satisfaction, self-worth, sense of worth, and self-development. To the employee, job satisfaction brings a pleasant expressive state that can often lead to a affirmative work attitude. A pleased worker is more likely to be imaginative, flexible, innovative, and dependable. For the organization, job satisfaction of its workers means a work force that is enthused and dedicated to high quality performance. Augmented output- the quantity and quality of output per hour worked seem to be a by creation of enhanced class of working life. It is vital to note that the literature on the association between job happiness and output is neither definite nor consistent. On the other hand, research dating back to Herzbergs time (1957) has shown at least low association between high confidence and high efficiency and it does seem logical that more satisfied workers will be likely to add more worth to an organization. Discontented employees, who are stimulated by fear of loss of job, will not give 100 percent of their effort for a very long time. Although apprehension is a powerful motivator, it is also a brief one, and also as soon as the threat is lifted performance will decline. Employment satisfaction profits the organization and includes reduction in complaints and grievances, employee absenteeism, work force turnover, and termination; as well as improved regularity and worker morale. Job liking is also linked with a improved work force and has been found to be a good pointer of prolonged existence. Even though only slight connection has been found amongst job satisfaction and productivity, Brown (1996) writes that few employers have discovered that satisfying or delighting work force is one of the most important prerequisite to satisfying or delighting customers, thus ensuring the growth of â€Å"bottom line† of the organization. Job Satisfaction: Employees Responsibility If job contentment is a worker advantage, certainly the employee must be talented to add to his or her own contentment and comfort on the job. The following suggestions can assist an employee to find his or her own satisfaction at job: search for opportunities to display skills and aptitude. This repeatedly leads to even more demanding work and higher responsibilities, with assistant increases in salary and other recognition and rewards. * Build up extraordinary communiquà © skills. Companys value and rewards excellent reading, listening, writing and speaking skills. * Be acquainted with more. Obtain new work related information and skill that helps you to complete job more economically and effectively. This will take off monotony and often gets one noticed. * Reveal creativity and initiative. Merits like these are respected by most companies and often come with in recognition as well as improved responsibilities and promotions. * Initiate teamwork and man management skills. A big part of job related achievement is the aptitude to work well with others to get the job done. Accept the diversity in people. Accept people with their differences and their imperfections and learn how to give and receive criticism constructively. See the value in your work. Appreciating the significance of what one does can lead to satisfaction with the work itself. This help to give meaning to ones existence, thus playing a vital role in job satisfaction. Learn to de-stress. Plan to avoid burn out by developing healthy stress management techniques. FACTORS OF JOB SATISFACTION Hoppock, the earliest investigator in this field, in 1935 suggested that there are six major components of job satisfaction. These are as under: The way the individual reacts to unpleasant situations, The facility with which he adjusted himself with other person The relative status in the social and economic group with which he identifies himself The nature of work in relation to abilities, interest and preparation of worker Security Loyalty Herzberg, mausaer, Peterson and capwell in 1957 reviewed more than 150 studies and listed various job factors of job satisfaction. These are briefly defined one by one as follows: 1. Intrinsic aspect of job It includes all of the many aspects of the work, which would tend to be constant for the work regardless of where the work was performed. 2. Supervision This aspect of job satisfaction pertains to relationship of worker with his immediate superiors. Supervision, as a factor, generally influences job satisfaction. 3. Working conditions This includes those physical aspects of environment which are not necessary a part of the work. Hours are included this factor because it is primarily a function of organization, affecting the individuals comfort and convenience in much the same way as other physical working conditions. 4. Wage and salaries This factor includes all aspect of job involving present monitory remuneration for work done. 5. Opportunities for advancement It includes all aspect of job which individual sees as potential sources of betterment of economic position, organizational status or professional experience. 6. Security It is defined to include that feature of job situation, which leads to assurance for continued employment, either within the same company or within same type of work profession. 7. Company management It includes the aspect of workers immediate situation, which is a function of organizational administration and policy. It also involves the relationship of employee with all company superiors above level of immediate supervision. 8. Social aspect of job It includes relationship of worker with the employees specially those employees at same or nearly same level within the organization. 9. Communication It includes job situation, which involves spreading the information in any direction within the organization. Terms such as information of employees status, information on new developments, information on company line of authority, suggestion system, etc, are used in literature to represent this factor. 10. Benefits It includes those special phases of company policy, which attempts to prepare the worker for emergencies, illness, old age, also. Company allowances for holidays, leaves and vacations are included within this factor. 2.7 REASONS OF LOW JOB SATISFACTION Reasons why employees may not be completely satisfied with their jobs: 1. Conflict between co-workers. 2. Conflict between supervisors. 3. Not being opportunity paid for what they do. 4. Have little or no say in decision making that affect employees. 5. Fear of losing their job. 2.8 EFFECTS OF LOW JOB SATISFACTION 1. HIGH ABSENTEEISM Absenteeism means it is a habitual pattern of absence from duty or obligation. If there will be low job satisfaction among the employees the rate of absenteeism will definitely increase and it also affects on productivity of organization. In the above diagram line AB shows inverse relationship between job satisfaction and rate of turnover and rate of absenteeism. As the job satisfaction is high the rate of both turns over and absenteeism is low and vise a versa. 2. HIGH TURNOVER In human resource refers to characteristics of a given company or industry relative to the rate at which an employer gains and losses the staff. If the employer is said to be have a high turnover of employees of that company have shorter tenure than those of other companies. 3.TRAINING COST INCREASES As employees leaves organization due to lack of job satisfaction. Then Human resource manager has to recruit new employees. So that the training expenditure will increases. Key parameters for Job Satisfaction 1. Training and Job Satisfaction- Most of the literature in this area has focused on the impact of education and skills on job satisfaction rather than the effect of training as such. The relationship between skill acquisition and job satisfaction is not straightforward. First, there is the distinction between general and specific skills. The portability of general skills may raise job satisfaction as it is easier to move to other jobs where satisfaction is higher. In contrast, specific skills bind the worker to the firm and may reduce satisfaction by creating a barrier to exit as workers will lose a portion of the return on such skills if they move. This leads on to the question of the matching of individual skills and levels of education with job requirements. If workers are mismatched in terms of skill and education requirements, this may lower job satisfaction, as evidenced in the earlier literature. In one of the few studies to focus on skilling, Allen and van der Velden (2001) differentiated between education and skill mismatches, finding only a weak relationship between the two. Importantly, they found a significant negative relationship between skill mismatch and job satisfaction, while the link between education mismatch and job satisfaction was insignificant. Training may influence workplace performance directly by raising output per worker, or be measured indirectly through its impact on the wage on the assumption that this is equal to the marginal productivity of labour. However, this will not be the case if there are imperfections in the product or labour markets. The nature of training has been examined in a number of studies. Thus Barrett and OConnell (1998) found that specific training had a bigger impact on wages and productivity than general training. Mason et al. (1996) found that both value added and product quality were higher where workers were trained to take charge of several production lines at once. Cosh et al. in a series of papers (1998, 2000 and 2003) found that training had a strong and significant effect on employment growth in small firms when it was undertaken regularly rather than on an ad hoc basis. Especially for larger firms there was also an association between intensity of training and profitability. Training may also stimulate innovation in the workplace (Bartel and Lichtenberg, 1987). Therefore it is doubtful whether different types of training impact either equally or positively on performance. Finally, training can have an indirect effect on performance if it increases job satisfaction by, for example, making it easier for employees to perform the job or feel more valued (as in Akerlofs 1982 conceptualisation of the labour contract as a gift-exchange). Petty et al.s 1984 meta-analysis confirms such outcomes. In contrast, if workers feel dissatisfied they may react in a number of ways (Farrell, 1983): through a sense of loyalty they may stick it out; use a voice mechanism (Freeman, 1978, Freeman and Medoff, 1984); neglect their responsibilities to the employer by absence, lateness, striking or reduced effort (Akerlof and Yellin, 1986); or exit (Jovanovic, 1979, Burdett and Mortenson, 1998). 2. Quits and Job Satisfcation- Until recently there had been