Scandinavian Hero Beowulf Essays

Scandinavian Hero Beowulf Essays Scandinavian Hero Beowulf Essay Scandinavian Hero Beowulf Essay Scandinavian Hero Beowulf BY Rya-FreiJ Rya FreiJ Mr. Hamas English Honors 3 20 November 2013 The Undercover Wulf Beowulf, the Old-English epic sonnet, is normal for its Nordic-Germanic roots as a story of an incredible Scandinavian legend Beowulf, who spares a neighboring realm from the fury of the dangerous, homicidal beast, Grendel, and in the end turns into the lord of his own kin, the Geats. Firmly identified with cutting edge innate and posse customs, it is addressed concerning whether Beowulf ought to be viewed as a saint. He ends up being an extraordinary warrior and defender by murdering three threatening brutes, a rovider by bringing back incredible fortunes from every one of his adventures, and dependable by continually paying special mind to his clan and fghting in their respect. The genuine inquiry to be posed is, can ancestral mindset produce a commendable saint? The appropriate response is, yes. Steven Pressfield further clarifies what innate attitude really is in his article Tribes, Gangs, and Terrorists. In spite of the fact that Beowulf had done despicable things previously, Beowulf is as yet thought to be a Viking saint and a cutting edge legend in view of his activities through the story, for example, quality, which demonstrate that ancestral culture and attitude can roduce a commendable legend. In the times of Beowulf and the Vikings, a legend was a man who was solid and gutsy, willing and ready to ensure his clan and accommodate his kin. Indeed, even today, the importance of this word converts into a similar class of definitions. A saint currently is considered for the bold things they have done and benevolence that they have. The storytellers depiction of Beowulf is only brave from his initially referencing, where he is portrayed as [The] mightiest man on earth, (97), The honorable warrior, (314), and The man whose name was known for ourage, the Great head, (340-341). Old English Saxon warriors must be emotionless, and they needed to seem daring consistently. This identifies with Beowulf in light of the fact that both demonstrated no dread or distress. He kept his statement and didn't gripe, regardless of how incomprehensible their assignments appear. Additionally in the article Tribes, Gangs, and Terrorists clarifies, The enemy is conceded full respect as a fghting man and protector of his home soil and qualities. Respect would one say one is of the fundamental attributes in a saint that is introduced to the present reality, so how is innate attitude not the same as the mindset than a legend? Activities of an erson depict whether an individual is viewed as a saint, not their attitude. In Beowulf, Beowulf battles three unique beasts. The principal beast he battles is Grendel, the second is Grendels mother, and the third is a winged serpent. When heading out to Hrothgars land to kill the brutes, it appears with regards to how he and his men feel towards the beasts. Clans are antagonistic to all pariahs, Steven Pressfield clarifies. Mulling over that the beasts are viewed as pariahs to Beowulf and his men, his gallant response to spare his partners and associates communicates how the ancestral framework s associated with the idea that cutting edge inborn mindset can deliver a commendable legend. Each fght shows a significant piece of Beowulf. The fght with Grendel and Beowulf shows Beowulfs sheer quality and force which is clarified in the statement, The experienced in any man on the substance of the earth (749-752). Beowulf endures a handgrip that is as far as anyone knows more tight than anything he had ever experienced. In the subsequent battle, Beowulf battles against Grendels mother. Grendels mother snatches Beowulf a great deal and Beowulf battles to get away from inevitably. At the point when he hit Grendels mother with his blade, it ricochets off and does simply nothing. This battle shows Beowulfs shortcomings and battles. In the third and last battle, Beowulf and a little armed force battle a winged serpent. This happens about fifty years after the fght with Grendel and his mother. That last day was the first run through when Beowulf battled and destiny precluded him from claiming brilliance in fight, (2571-2573) is the primary fight Beowulf had ever lost. In the event that killing three notorious damnation bound animals was not gallant, than what else is? Inborn mindset groups together convictions, ethics and the endurance of their gathering. They are extremist, nonsensical, and shut to outside impedance. They move and react as a gathering. They will in general be fundamental, executing whatever undermines their shut gathering. The article Tribes, Gangs, and Terrorists composed by Steven Pressfield clarifies, Tribes prize dedication and attachment. Beowulf esteemed a feeling of network and brotherhood. Old English Saxon and inborn conduct and objectives are very comparative. After Beowulf dies, Wiglaf reports that there won't be harmony or agreement keeping of any kind from the Swedes, (2922-23) since that was what Beowulf needs. He doesn't wish to see his realm that he made disintegrate into obscurity. This likewise speaks to the vengeance, which is a principle part in the inborn culture. Any affront to respect must be vindicated, (Pressfleld, 2011, pg. 1). Swedes had been annoying and hassling the Geats for some time by at that point, so with Beowulf out of the picture, it was the ideal opportunity for the group to render retribution. Much the same as present day saints today. Saints realize when to deliver retribution for the friends and family that they have lost however in the correct manner. Beowulf ended the lives of the beasts out of retribution and for the security of everybody that encompasses him and the individuals that he thinks about. The epic sonnet Beowulf centers around the saint. All through different ages and societies, individuals have had a picture of the prototype legend. The Anglo-Saxon goals of gallantry were quality, courage, and dependability, which were actually the characteristics that Beowulf had. Beowulf, thus, is a symbol of his antiquated Germanic legacy. He impersonates his general surroundings by reflecting past conventions of legends and mirrors their qualities and activities. With him, his respect and pride make him his very own legend time, yet additionally a saint for a long time into the future. On the whole, ancestral attitude whether hundreds of years old contrasted with present day creates a commendable saint; legends that can and are happy to secure the individuals that they love and encompass them.

Swimming Pool free essay sample

As we saw beforehand, the water in a pool needs to circle through a filtration framework to evacuate soil and garbage. During typical activity, water streams to the filtration framework through the primary channels at the base of the pool and the skimmers around the highest point of the pool. Least 70% of the water ought to be taken through the skimmers. New European necessities are 100% if water is infused from base gulfs. Outline of a pool framework The fundamental channels are typically situated on the absolute bottom in the pool, so the whole pool surface inclinations toward them. A large portion of the earth and flotsam and jetsam that sinks leaves the pool through these channels. To forestall people’s hair or appendages trapped in the pipes, it is suggested that at least two channels are introduced to decrease the attractions pressure. Antivortex depletes and covers, which occupy the progression of water to keep a perilous vortex from shaping, can likewise be utilized. We will compose a custom exposition test on Pool or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The skimmers draw water a similar route as the fundamental channels, yet they suck just from the exceptionally top of the pool. Any drifting garbage (leaves, suntan oil, hair) leaves the pool through these skimmers. The chart beneath shows a typical framework. Graph of a pool skimmer In the framework portrayed over, the drifting skimmer fold, where the water enters the skimmer, swings in and out to give a little volume of water access at once. To get flotsam and jetsam viably, the objective is to skim only the surface level. The water moves through the skimmer bushel, which gets any bigger flotsam and jetsam, for example, twigs and leaves, and should be cleaned routinely to forestall stopping up of the pull line. Notwithstanding the fundamental bay, the skimmer framework can have a discretionary optional equalizer line prompting a channel beneath the surface level. This line shields the skimmer from bringing air into the siphon framework if the water level dips under the degree of the primary channel. stepping stool Used by swimmers to get into or out of the plunging admirably. stepping stools and stepladdersâ [1] submerged Light installed in the divider; it enlightens the pool submerged. release outlet Device returning sifted water to the pool. kimmer Device sifting through flotsam and jetsam from the outside of the water. plunging admirably Section of a pool profound enough for bouncing or jumping. plunging board Spring-held board giving force to bouncing or jumping. fundamental channel Opening secured by a mesh; it is utilized to channel water to the channel or to deplete the pool. steps Lead into the shallow finish of the pool. steps stepping stools and stepladdersâ [1] Movable gadgets of wood or metal, made out of rungs or steps and used to arrive at moderately high territories.

The Vampire Diaries: The Awakening Chapter Twelve

Elena rotated gradually before the full-length reflect in Aunt Judith's room. Margaret sat at the foot of the huge four-banner bed, her blue eyes enormous and serious with adoration. â€Å"I wish I had a dress like that for stunt or-treat,† she said. â€Å"I like you best as somewhat white cat,† said Elena, dropping a kiss between the white velvet ears appended to Margaret's headband. At that point she went to her auntie, who remained by the entryway with needle and string prepared. â€Å"It's perfect,† she said heartily. â€Å"We don't need to change a thing.† The young lady in the mirror could have ventured out of one of Elena's books on the Italian Renaissance. Her throat and shoulders were uncovered, and the tight bodice of the ice-blue dress flaunted her little midriff. The long, full sleeves were sliced with the goal that the white silk of the chemise underneath appeared on the other side, and the wide, clearing skirt simply brushed the floor all around her. It was an excellent dress, and the pale clear blue appeared to increase the darker blue of Elena's eyes. As she dismissed, Elena's look fell on the good old pendulum clock over the dresser. â€Å"Oh, no-it's just about seven. Stefan will be here any minute.† â€Å"That's his vehicle now,† said Aunt Judith, looking out the window. â€Å"I'll go down and let him in.† â€Å"That's all right,† said Elena quickly. â€Å"I'll meet him myself. Farewell, make some great memories stunt or-treating!† She rushed down the steps. Here goes, she thought. As she went after the door handle, she was helped to remember that day, about two months prior now, when she'd ventured straightforwardly into Stefan's way in European History class. She'd had this equivalent sentiment of expectation, of energy and pressure. I simply trust this turns out better than that arrangement, she thought. For the most recent week and a half, she'd stuck her plans to this second, to this night. On the off chance that she and Stefan didn't meet up this evening, they never would. The entryway swung open, and she ventured back with her eyes down, feeling practically modest, reluctant to see Stefan's face. In any case, when she heard his sharp indrawn breath, she gazed upward rapidly and felt her heart go cold. He was gazing at her in wonder, yes. However, it was not the pondering satisfaction she'd recognized easily that first night in quite a while room. This was something nearer to stun. â€Å"You don't care for it,† she murmured, shocked at the stinging in her eyes. He recuperated quickly, as continually, squinting and shaking his head. â€Å"No, no, it's delightful. You're beautiful.† At that point for what reason would you say you are remaining there looking as though you'd seen a phantom? she thought. Why not hold me, kiss me-something! â€Å"You look wonderful,† she said unobtrusively. Also, it was valid; he was smooth and attractive in the tux and cape he'd wore as far as it matters for him. She was amazed he'd consented to it, however when she'd made the proposal he'd appeared to be more interested than everything else. A little while ago, he looked exquisite and agreeable, as though such garments were as normal as his typical pants. €Å"we would be advised to go,† he stated, similarly calm and genuine. Elena gestured and went with him to the vehicle, however her heart was not, at this point simply cool; it was ice. He was further away from her than any time in recent memory, and she had no clue about how to get him back. Thunder snarled overhead as they headed to the secondary school, and Elena looked out of the vehicle window with dull disappointment. The overcast spread was thick and dim, in spite of the fact that it hadn't really started to rain yet. The air had a charged, electric feel, and the dreary purple clouds gave the sky a nightmarish look. It was an ideal air for Halloween, threatening and powerful, however it woke just fear in Elena. Since that night at Bonnie's, she'd lost her gratefulness for the ghostly and uncanny. Her journal had never turned up, in spite of the fact that they'd looked through Bonnie's home start to finish. She despite everything could hardly imagine how it was truly gone, and the possibility of a more unusual perusing her most private musings caused her to feel wild inside. Since, obviously, it had been taken; what other clarification was there? More than one entryway had been open that night at the McCullough house; somebody could have quite recently strolled in. She needed tokill whoever had done it. A dream of dim eyes rose before her. That kid, the kid she'd nearly surrendered to at Bonnie's home, the kid who'd caused her to overlook Stefan. Is it accurate to say that he was the one? She awakened herself as they pulled up to the school and constrained herself to grin as they cleared their path through the lobbies. The exercise center was scarcely composed disarray. In the hour since Elena had left, everything had changed. At that point, the spot had been brimming with seniors: Student Council individuals, football players, the Key Club, all putting the completing addresses props and landscape. Presently it was loaded with outsiders, a large portion of them not even human. A few zombies turned as Elena came in, their smiling skulls obvious through the spoiling substance of their countenances. A bizarrely disfigured hunchback limped toward her, alongside a cadaver with angry white skin and empty eyes. From another course came a werewolf, its growling gag secured with blood, and a dim and sensational witch. Elena acknowledged, with a shock, that she was unable to perceive a large portion of these individuals in their outfits. At that point they were around her, appreciating the ice-blue outfit, reporting issues that had grown as of now. Elena waved them calm and moved in the direction of the witch, whose long dull hair streamed down the rear of a tight-fitting dark dress. â€Å"What is it, Meredith?† she said. â€Å"Coach Lyman's sick,† Meredith answered drearily, â€Å"so someone got Tanner to substitute.† â€Å"Mr.Tanner ?† Elena was sickened. â€Å"Yes, and he's raising hell as of now. Poor Bonnie's just about had it. You would be advised to get over there.† Elena moaned and gestured, at that point advanced along the contorting course of the Haunted House visit. As she went through the frightful Torture Chamber and the terrible Mad Slasher Room, she thought they had nearly builttoo well. This spot was frightening even in the light. The Druid Room was close to the exit. There, a cardboard Stonehenge had been developed. In any case, the entirely little druid priestess who remained among the fairly practical looking stone monuments wearing white robes and an oak-leaf wreath looked prepared to begin crying uncontrollably. â€Å"But you'vegot to wear the blood,† she was stating pleadingly. â€Å"It's a piece of the scene; you're a sacrifice.† â€Å"Wearing these ludicrous robes is awful enough,† answered Tanner without further ado. â€Å"No one educated me I would need to spread syrup all over myself.† â€Å"It doesn't generally get onyou ,† said Bonnie. â€Å"It's simply on the robes and on the raised area. You're a sacrifice,† she rehashed, as though by one way or another this would persuade him. â€Å"As for that,† said Mr. Leather treater in disturb, â€Å"the precision of this entire arrangement is exceptionally suspect. In opposition to mainstream thinking, the druids didnot fabricate Stonehenge; it was worked by a Bronze Age culture that-† Elena ventured forward. â€Å"Mr. Leather treater, that isn't generally the point.† â€Å"No, it wouldn't be, to you,† he said. â€Å"Which is the reason you and your hypochondriac companion here are both falling flat history.† â€Å"That's uncalled for,† said a voice, and Elena looked rapidly behind her at Stefan. â€Å"Mister Salvatore,† said Tanner, articulating the words as though they implied Now my day is finished . â€Å"I assume you have some new useful tidbits to offer. Or on the other hand are you going to give me a dark eye?† His look went over Stefan, who remained there, unknowingly rich in his completely custom fitted tux, and Elena felt an unexpected stun of understanding. Leather expert isn't generally that a lot more seasoned than we are, she thought. He looks old due to that retreating hairline, however I'll wager he's in his twenties. At that point, for reasons unknown, she recalled how Tanner had taken a gander at Homecoming, in his modest and sparkly suit that didn't fit well. I'll wager he never at any point made it to his own homecoming, she thought. Furthermore, just because, she felt something like compassion toward him. Maybe Stefan felt it, as well, for despite the fact that he came forward to the little man, standing up close and personal with him, his voice hushed up. â€Å"No, I'm most certainly not. I think this is getting made a huge deal about. Why don't†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena couldn't hear the rest, however he was talking in low, quieting tones, and Mr. Leather expert really appeared to tune in. She looked back at the group that had assembled behind her: four or five fiends, the werewolf, a gorilla, and a hunchback. â€Å"All right, everything's under control,† she stated, and they scattered. Stefan was dealing with things, despite the fact that she didn't know how, since she could see just the rear of his head. The rear of his head †¦ For a moment, a picture flashed before her of the main day of school. Of how Stefan had remained in the workplace conversing with Mrs. Clarke, the secretary, and of how strangely Mrs. Clarke had acted. Sufficiently sure, when Elena took a gander at Mr. Leather treater now, he wore the equivalent marginally stunned articulation. Elena felt a moderate wave of restlessness. â€Å"Come on,† she said to Bonnie. â€Å"Let's go up front.† They slice straight through the Alien Landing Room and the Living Dead Room, slipping between the allotments, turning out in the primary room where guests would enter and be welcomed by a werewolf. The werewolf had taken his head off and was conversing with a few mummies and an Egyptian princess. Elena needed to concede that Caroline looked great as Cleopatra, the lines of that tanned body honestly obvious through the transparent material sheath she wore. Matt, the werewolf, could barely be accused if his eyes continued wandering descending from Caroline's face. â€Å"How's it going here?† said Elena with constrained softness. Matt began marginally, at that point moved in the direction of her and Bonnie. Elena had hardly observed him since the evening of Homecoming, and she realized that he and Stefan had dra

Need for Keeping Records Essay

It is a commitment by law to keep and keep up records inside the instructive condition. The instructive office/condition are subject to keep up different records as eventually it fills one need and that will be liable and sensible to keeping exact records while giving significant proof to help the on-going accomplishment of understudy training and the enactment codes of the training setting. Inside a learning setting there are numerous reasons why we keep records, anyway underneath I have given three models specific records. Recognizing needs * If a student is to set out onto a Learning and Teaching in Schools Level 2 course the person would need to initially finish an underlying evaluation before they start the course. The main introductory advance would comprise of finishing an enrolment structure with all the necessary information, for example, closest relative, clinical data and past or current courses the student has attempted. An individual explanation of â€Å"why you need to educate inside a school† would likewise should be submitted with the enrolment application structure as this would then decide the coach during the choice procedure to guarantee the student has the important aptitudes, information and experience. The data completed would then empower the guide to have a brief outline of the student’s capacity and evaluate further more in a meeting. During the procedure of the meeting the guide will evaluate and direct a practical abilities test in education and numeracy, these tests are obligatory as they give a sign to the mentor of the degree of help you may require through the span of the course and it additionally gives the understudy a ‘refresher’ of these aptitudes as they might not have utilized useful aptitudes in quite a while, it is likewise a prerequisite to acquire a Level 1 preceding continuing onto the course. The analytic test outcomes are then taken care of back to the understudy on a coordinated premise and should any help be required the recognizing of the students needs would then be met. Arranging Learning * Once the student has begun the course and all their individual needs have been evaluated the mentor would then be able to make an Individual Learning Plan (IPL) for the understudy and himself as this would be a concurred methodology plan for the understudy to archive what the person in question gained from the guides meeting and what bolster the student may need to get from their coach about the exercise they have quite recently embraced, so as to accomplish the set standards, this at that point permits the guide to be arranged and sorted out in how the exercises are overseen and to recognize where the students are scholastically and encourages the mentors to get ready for who may require additional help. IPL’s are important records for understudies just as mentors as this is a type of proof of what is being accomplished, qualities, shortcomings, following the satisfaction rules of the course and setting singular targets. Evaluating Learning * When an accommodation of work is made by an understudy, a following record is then kept, this permits the mentor to then be educated the accommodation regarding a task, for instance the utilization of the instructing/understudy gateway Edmodo permits the coach to refresh what task should be in and afterward the understudy will stick to this same pattern and transfer their task and hang tight for an arrival. The following of accommodation records guarantees that everybody submits the necessary work on schedule, surveyed and came back with criticism.

Add MediaVisualText

Significance OF PARTNERSHIP When guardians and experts cooperate it positively affects children’s improvement and learning. This can be accomplished through correspondence, learning together (e. g. effectively including fathers) and regarding decent variety. Make certain to send a book to parent(s) during the day should their youngster state/accomplish something charming or just to tell them that you’re both having a fabulous time together.You could even send them an image of the scrumptious pizza their kid just made, for instance. Guardians at that point feel included and have genuine feelings of serenity realizing that their kid is glad and sound. Initial introductions last thus carers, making you and your home warm and inviting will promptly comfort guardians. In like manner, guardians ought to likewise be slick and satisfactory when meeting a planned childcarer. A two-path stream of data and information among guardians and carers guarantee compelling communication.H aving banners and pictures in plain view which emphasize the carer’s inspirational mentality towards social and social assorted variety as state in their Equal Opportunities arrangement won't just give guardians a vibe for the condition that their youngsters will be in, yet additionally help kids and families to perceive that they are esteemed. Schedules are significant for kids as they like to know when certain things will happen I. e. eating times, rest time, drop-off and assortment and so on †they’re key to building up a feeling of steadiness and care for kids and permitting them to ace their environment.Wherever conceivable, all schedules should fit in with parents’ wishes (I. e. perspectives re TV, food and resting) and should meet the child’s needs. I. e. joining child’s interests in nature by gathering leaves/blossoms/sticks/stones on strolls and maybe making a bit of craftsmanship with them. Ensure schedules depend on every individual kid and their particular advantages/needs. All youngsters create various stages at various time, however the general grouping of achievements is the equivalent. This implies you’ll need to continually adjust a few schedules to suit the changing needs of youngsters as they develop.For model, as young men get more seasoned they truly need significantly increasingly physical action to consume off the vitality they have thus more ball games or longer open air exercises might be required. Upon appearance in the mornings welcome every youngster separately with a warm voice and grin. Notice or remark on something explicit that they’re wearing or conveying. For the duration of the day hear them out and don’t surge every day errands. This will cause them to feel significant and thought about. Sources: Riddall-Leech, S, Home-based Childcare pg 131, Essex, Heinemann EYFS 2008 2. 2 Parents as Partners, Communication

Mods and Rockers Essay Example

Europe there was the Saxons, the Vikings and the franks, these were the three sides of contention. Europe was loaded up with brutality, ignorant individuals, odd notion and no clinical information. They despite everything accepted that illness was brought about by fiendish spirits or god(s).. The Islamic realm can uncover a regard for information from all societies; this made it critical. In their emergency clinics and drug stores they would let anybody practice as a specialist. Likewise they would leave anybody alone a patient regardless of what culture, nation or religion. This uncovers the Islamic domain was strictly tolerant.It likewise is surprising as the researchers were the main individuals to construct emergency clinics with various wards for various sicknesses. The researchers likewise gathered information from all nations and religions since it didn't what race you are, on the off chance that you have new information it was significant. They gathered information from India , china, Greece, Italy, everywhere throughout the realm: in actuality it would take somebody an entire year to go from one side of the domain to the next. This shows they were happy to surrender in any event a time of their opportunity to gather knowledge.Medieval Baghdad ought to be associated with the commitment it made to our lives today. The researchers revelations in medication are as yet pertinent today as they were the primary individuals to do confounded medical procedures. This incorporates cesareans and eye medical procedures. What was wonderful was the way that they had a 60% achievement rate on the eye medical procedures. Our insight into restorative practices would not be progressed in the event that it were not for them. The researchers assembled data like another method of composing numbers. This implied they could compose all the numbers from O to unendingness with just 10 humbly.The individual who did this was called AAA-Swarming. Actually we would not have any mode rnized innovation without the numbers O or 1. This brought about change as they found a totally different method Of composing numbers which really made estimations simpler. The format of the city of Baghdad which had twofold dividers and just certain spots that you could enter motivated the structure of the mansions in Europe. Our stronghold would not the equivalent in any capacity whatsoever in the event that it were not for the planners structuring the city of Baghdad.Also they would not have guarded s well in the event that it were not for them either. The explanation we don't recall Baghdad for what it used to be is on the grounds that there is no record of the books they composed or that they gathered the information. Baghdad lost control over its domain as the littler caliphs concluded that they would not like to find out about science, math or cosmology. Individuals called the Mongols pulverized the library which had held the entirety of the books and information that they ha d spent so much time gathering.

Exam

They are as of now living in a costly situation cause by the expansion. It is safe to say that they are likewise have o pay extra tex for the weste demand? Which Is out of line to the poor families pay for the toll. Other than the SMEs are likewise influenced by squander demand, particularly those in the providing food industry. A portion of the examinations, discovered that around 33% of the removal Is the food squander, so the cooking Industry needs to manage the brunt of waste levy.To those little eateries, squander demand is expanded their financial weight, and they will presumably turn this tex weight to d outsider, so they may Increase the cost ot their tood. Thus, the residents and clients will take up the extra ost of toll for the eateries, so it doesn't help the Hong Kong econornic also. Alongside the issues to the SMEs and household families, the effectiveness of waste toll is deciding by the individuals, a portion of the individuals think this duty Is pointless and squande ring money.About the waste toll, there are two wap to execute this duty, one is the equivalent offer framework. also, one is gathered separately on family unit premise. The equivalent offer framework which implies the duty Is charged by building, the toll Is shared between the occupants. Also, this framework may cause some uncalled for circumstances as a result of the occupants have distinctive measure of removal. BLit f the duty depends on family unit wasteful, other than there are numerous unsolved issues, for models, should the toll be charged by volume or by weight of the waste? Test Which strategies would you use to lead an investigation? Be explicit. Look at (subjective) ethnographic meetings with (quantitative) overview examine. Know about research morals. What is educated assent? What does the American Anthropological Association suggest in regards to morals (read about this in Cotta)? What functional issues can develop during research? Models incorporate lodging, individual wellbeing, language, and access to inquire about subjects. Mull over this for your proposition. Perceive the major hypothetical patterns and how each pattern approaches breaking down data.If I give a portrayal of an investigation, you ought to have the option to figure out which pattern the author(s) used to help Interpret their information. (See how these patterns defined Ideas about culture. ) What Is a â€Å"reflexive† or â€Å"postmodern† ethnography (see Cotta, p. 4749, and Small)? For Smalls Voyages: From Tong Villages to American Suburbs, talks and video cuts: How did Cathy Smalls subject position influence her associations with Tongs and the aftereffects of her examination? What sorts of research methods did she use? What difficulties did she face?What was every day life like in Tong in the asses? Lodging conditions? Day by day exercises of people? What changes had just occurred in tap and tangle making, employments of money? What changes had occurred in ‘Lounge and tap and tangle making by the asses and afterward by 2010? What was Tong's social structure O. E. , social divisions among individuals) before Europeans showed up? What were some significant changes Introduced during and after contact with Europeans? How id the social structure, land residency and legislative issues change from the asses to asses to 2010?Why were Tong individuals moving to the U. S. , Australia and New Zealand? How did life and their societal position change? What was their life like in the U. S.? What sorts of Jobs did they have? What was their opinion pretty much the entirety of this? Analyze the encounters and perspectives on Seta and Mann, their little girls, Mali and Tat, Paul/Emma, and Final. What did being Tong intend to every one of them? How did Seta and Mann help different family members? How did Tong vagrants attempt to keep up the â€Å"Tong ay†? How did relocation and settlements influence life and governmental issues in Tong?In specific, how did movement and settlements influence family and strict festivals? How did movement influence the vagrant's economic wellbeing (in the U. S. Also, In Tong)? Ensure you comprehend the accompanying about Tong culture: association of families (numerous ages In a single family, youngsters being received or moving between family units, heaps of visiting and long haul remains by family members, partition of siblings and sisters after adolescence, jobs of oldest sister and oldest sibling, and Test They are now living in a costly domain cause by the swelling. Is it accurate to say that they are likewise have o pay extra tex for the weste demand? Which Is extremely unjustifiable to the poor families pay for the duty. Other than the SMEs are likewise influenced by squander demand, particularly those in the cooking business. A portion of the examinations, discovered that around 33% of the removal Is the food squander, so the cooking Industry needs to hold up under the brunt of waste levy.To those little eateries, squander demand is expanded their monetary weight, and they will most likely turn this tex weight to d outsider, so they may Increase the cost ot their tood. Therefore, the residents and clients will take up the extra ost of toll for the cafés, so it doesn't help the Hong Kong econornic also. Adjacent to the issues to the SMEs and residential families, the productivity of waste duty is deciding by the individuals, a portion of the individuals think this toll Is pointless and squandering money.About the waste toll, there are two wap to execute this duty, one is the equivalent offer framework. what's more, one is gathered independently on family premise. The equivalent offer framework which implies the duty Is charged by building, the toll Is shared between the inhabitants. What's more, this framework may cause some out of line circumstances as a result of the inhabitants have distinctive measure of removal. BLit f the duty depends on family unit wasteful, other than there are numerous unsolved issues, for models, should the toll be charged by volume or by weight of the waste?

The Indonesian Financial Crisis Essay Online For Freedere - Free Essay Example

Introduction The occurrence and severity of the Indonesian financial crisis in 1997 surprised everyone. Indonesian economic performance has ranked among the best in the world, so that praised by the World Bank (1993) as a part of East Asian miracle. Hill (1998) notes that before the crisis almost every technical economic indicator looked safe. Economic growth was robust in average of 7.9 percent during 1990 to 1996. The inflation rate associated with the growth path was persistently high, but was still below 10 percent. The average inflation rate associated with the 7.9 percent was 8.3 percent in CPI, and even reached 6.5 percent in 1996. As pointed out by McLeod (1997), inflation was falling, not rising, and the relatively large current account deficit was not caused by unsustainably rapid growth but by high capital inflow, which made sustainable high growth possible, and was itself a response to high returns to investment in Indonesia. In other words, the deficit on current account of the balance of payments looked manageable. The fiscal accounts were in surplus, except a little negative in 1992 and 1993. The structure of savings and investment associated with the growth path was good enough. Official foreign exchange reserves looked adequate and were trending upwards. Even many also believed that Indonesia was in muc h better position and strategy in responding to the regional currency crisis compared to Thailand. (Feridhanusetyawan, et al, 1998). First, macroeconomic indicators, especially current account deficit was at around 4 percent of GDP while Thailand already reached around 9 percent. Second, Indonesias Rupiah was not fixed like the Thai Bath, which allowed for some adjustments in responding to the speculative attacks. Third, the slowdown in export growth in 1996 was not as severe as Thailand mainly because real wages grew at much slower rate due to less tight labor market compared to Thailand. In short time after the crisis started, however, it was clear that Indonesia was in much worse condition compared to other Asian countries in crisis. Both foreign and domestic investors have fled, and hundreds of corporations are bankrupt. The banking system has effectively ground to a halt, with very little new lending taking place and dozens of banks insolvent. Domestic demand has plummeted. Thousands of Indonesians have lost their jobs, and millions more face a substantial reduction in their standard of living. (Radelet, 1999) Even after ten years of Indonesian crisis, it is still unclear what really the roots of crisis. The common agreement among scholars is that the existing models so called first generation models (Krugman, 1979; Flood and Garber, 1984) and second generation models (Obstfeld, 1986) failed to explain the Indonesian financial crisis. The failure of the first generation models can be seen from these facts. Government budget was balance or moving into surplus (partly in appropriate fiscal response to higher net private capital flows). Growth in monetary aggregates was fairly high, but cannot be described as runaway monetary expansion. Inflation rate was coming down, nominal GDP growth was largely at levels corresponding to money creation, and Indonesia was at a stage of development where money demand was still growing. The logic of the second-generat ion crisis model does not apply to the Indonesian financial crisis either. There was no such trade-off between the benefits of a credible exchange rate peg and the costs in terms of higher interest rates, higher unemployment or lower growth of defending the peg before the crisis erupted. Past and expected growth was enviably high, interest rates and sovereign yield spreads were going down, not up, and unemployment was informal (as usual in developing countries). In other words, when the crisis began in mid-1997 Indonesia did not have substantial unemployment nor other apparent incentives to abruptly abandon the pegged exchange rate regimes generally followed in the region in order to pursue a more expansionary policy as suggested by second-generation crisis models. Research Objective While many studies are still difficult to find common agreement about the causes of the Indonesian financial crisis, this paper argues that the weak Indonesian banking sector as result of improper banking deregulation contributed to the crisis. In this respect, this paper provides an empirical test of the view that the banking was fragile, and to determine the factor contributing to banking fragility by using individual bank balance sheet data. Methodological Issues II.1. Framework Banks continue to dominate the financial systems of most developing and transition countries, as well as Indonesia. As illustration, the study of the World Bank (1997) shows that the ratio of banking sector assets to all financial institutions assets of Indonesia in 1994 was 0.9. The importance of banking system in Indonesia can also be considered from the ratio of deposit money bank assets to GDP at 0.65 in the same year. In another hand, banking is by nature a high exposure business. As financial intermediaries, it is the business of banks to take on risks passed on them. Banks are typically exposed to a host of different types of risks. Aside from credit risks (default risk) that arise from intermediating between depositors and borrowers, banks also face interest rate risk, currency risk, and market risk. (Bacha, 1998) Based on the importance and the nature of banking system as explained above, it is important to maintain bank soundness. For achieving sound banking system, si nce the early 1980s, the Indonesian government introduced banking deregulation. It seems such deregulation encouraged operating environment of the Indonesian financial system. However, discussions even prior to the crisis had pointed to the underdevelopment of governance in the Indonesian banking sector, resulting weak banking sector. Some analyses (including Frankel, 1998; Krugman, 1998; Noland, 1998; Yellen, 1998) as summarized by Cabalu (1999), note this stylist features: connected lending (i.e. lending to related parties); excessive concentration of lending to particular borrowers or areas; excessively high loan to valuation ratios; inadequate covenants to restrict the activities of borrowers; lending based on asset values, rather than capacity to service from income; failure to recognize and provide for deterioration in loan quality; lending to firms or individuals as a result of government directive, rather than on a commercial basis; lack of transparency and inadequate pruden tial regulations; strong expectations of government bailouts should banks get into difficulties. For maintaining sound banking system, Lindgren, et al. (1996) present a framework for sound banking that comprises a supportive operating environment, internal governance, external discipline provided by market forces, and external governance provided by regulation and supervision at the domestic and international levels. (Figure 1) No single of one of these elements is sufficient by itself; each is subject to failure, or may be underdeveloped in a given economy. Figure 1: Framework of banking sector soundness Supportive operating environment Internal governance Banking sector soundness External governance Market discipline Regulation and supervision Source: Lindgren, et al. (1996) In analyzing the existing weakness on the Indonesian banking sector, which contributed to the crisis, this paper employs that framework with some modifications. This paper argues that banking deregulation has imposed by the Indonesian government since the early 1980s significantly encouraged the operating environment of the Indonesian financial system. We can note the greater access to banking sector due to increasing the number of banks and branches, increasing bank lending, developing the size of financial sector, maturity structure that beneficial for corporate sector, and better performance and efficiency of banking sector. This good result, however, was undermined by underdevelopment of governance in the Indonesian banking sector. Refer to the framework presented by Lindgren et al. (1996); Indonesia did not yet successfully solve the existing governance failure, both internal and external governance failures. The se failures have caused unsoundness in the Indonesian banking sector, indicated by accumulation of non-performing assets in the banking sector. As further will be analyzed, such a banking weakness in the arena of international integration contributed in maintaining dynamics of sustained mispricings and continuous short-term capital inflows. The weak banking sector caused higher interest rates in the domestic markets so that interest rate arbitration does not take place. When interest rate arbitration does not take place, where i(d) i(f) + e + rp  [1]  , while large firms could, to some extent, take advantage of low foreign interest rates by borrowing abroad directly rather than via the intermediation of the domestic banking sector, it tended to be the smaller and perhaps less efficient firms that increased their demand for loans from the private banking sector. If this is so, then as far as the domestic banks are concerned, there is an adverse selection problem in terms of the nature of their assets, which further weakens their balance sheets. The proportion of non-performing loans (NPLs) burdening the banks may therefore be expected to rise over time. This in turn makes the supply curve of bank lending shift left (i.e. de facto increase in bank cost structure), leading to a reduction of domestic credit and a rise in the domestic equilibrium interest rate. In fact, if there is asymmetric information such that foreign investors are not aware of the increased NPLs and if consequently country/currency risk premia remain unchanged, we have the paradoxical result that increased domestic financial fragility could induce additional capital inflows in the short to medium term. Figure 2: Conceptual framework and flow of analysis Banking sector deregulation Better operating environment Governance Problem failure Weak banking sector Financial vulnerability Figure 3: Effects of banking deregulation number of banks and branches bank lending size of the financial sector Banking deregulation maturity structure performance: profitability efficiency: ex ante spreads and ex post spreads Figure 4: The governance failures in the Indonesian banking sector Internal governance failure Governance failure Market discipline failure External governance failures Regulatory and supervisory failure Figure 5: Weak banking sector and build up financial vulnerability International market integration Weak banking sector Capital inflows Interest rate differential External borrowing accumulation, especially in corporate sector Accumulation of NPLs Build up financial vulnerability A reasonable place to start is with a traditional model of the effects of financial liberalization against the background of financial repression, with an added assumption that financial intermediation occurs largely through the banking sector, with households placing their savings with the banks and the banks lending to firms for purposes of investment. Figure 6 illustrates this, where the authorities fix an interest rate at level (ic) below the equilibrium one. As a consequence there is excess demand and credit rationing. Financial liberalization allows a (higher) equilibrium rate (ie) to be established. This causes both the supply of loanable funds to increase, as saving is encouraged, and the demand for them to fall, as fewer investment projects appear profitable. Since at the equilibrium interest rate the market is cleared, there is no ration credit by other means. However, the model so far relates to a closed economy and needs to be modified to allow for a liberalized c apital account and access to international capital. International financial liberalization may also include trade in financial services. Here the key questions are: how does the domestic rate of interest compare with interest rates abroad, what is expected to happen to the exchange rate, is currency depreciation anticipated, and does the country carry a risk premium because of concerns about default and the small probability of a large negative exogenous shock. Making allowance for these factors, foreign capital will flow in for as long as the domestic rate of interest exceeds the foreign rate. In terms of Figure 7 the supply curve of loans will shift to the right, with Z2 Z1 reflecting capital inflows. However, of course, this increase in the supply of credit will tend to push down the domestic rate of interest until it is equal to the foreign rate (if), after allowing for expected currency depreciation and risk premia. Thus in equilibrium in a country with both a liberalized d omestic financial system and international financial liberalization, the following equality will tend to hold: i(d) = i(f) + e + rp where i(d) is the domestic interest rate, i(f) is the foreign interest rate, e is the expected exchange rate depreciation, and rp is the risk premium. But will it automatically follow that, with e and rp both equal to zero, i(d) = i(f)? The rapid convergence of interest rates may be prevented if the domestic banking sector is relatively inefficient and if capital inflows are intermediated only via the domestic banking sector. In these circumstances i(d) may continue to exceed i(f). However, with fuller international financial liberalization and increasing foreign competition, which may involve the establishment of foreign subsidiaries in the domestic banking sector, the costs of the domestic banks may be expected to fall. This will shift the supply curve of bank lending down and to the right. When interest rate arbitration does not take plac e, where i(d) i(f) + e + rp, while large firms could, to some extent, take advantage of low foreign interest rates by borrowing abroad directly rather than via the intermediation of the domestic banking sector, it tended to be the smaller and perhaps less efficient firms that increased their demand for loans from the private banking sector. If this is so, then as far as the domestic banks are concerned, there is an adverse selection problem in terms of the nature of their assets, which further weakens their balance sheets. The proportion of non-performing loans (NPLs) burdening the banks may therefore expected to rise over time. This in turn makes the supply curve of bank lending shift left (i.e. de facto increase in bank cost structure), leading to a reduction of domestic credit and a rise in the domestic equilibrium interest rate. In fact, if there is asymmetric information such that foreign investors are not aware of the increased NPLs and if consequently country/currency ris k premia remain unchanged, we have the paradoxical result that increased domestic financial fragility could induce additional capital inflows in the short to medium term. Figure 6: Loan market equilibrium with financial repression and financial liberalization SS0 DD0 i e ic Zd Zz Ze Zs Figure 7: International financial liberalization SS0 SS1 DD1 DD0 i id if Z2 Z1 Z II.2. Empirical Model and Econometric Procedures The empirical framework used to determine factors contribution to the banking fragility is a probit or normit model. The regression model is specified as: (1) where is commonly known as a latent variable. It is unobserved, and therefore is replaced by an observed dummy variable, , such that: (2) A bank is said to be solvent if it had a capital adequacy ratio (CAR) equal to, or more than, zero during the crisis. A bank is technically bankrupt if the CAR fell below zero. Because the shocks that occurred during the crisis were so large, a bank that maintained its CAR above zero can be called a resistant bank. Therefore, the latent variable can be defined as the ability to resist the crisis. The vector of explanatory variables, , represent the performance and conduct of a bank during the pre-crisis period. If these pre-crisis indicators can significantly explain the variation in , it can be claimed statistically that is detrimental for bank performance during the crisis. Technically, this requires relatively small error terms , in the sense that the variation in mostly belongs to the variation in . In order to accommodate the above idea, the probit estimation technique is used. In Shazam, the probability of occurrence of the dependent variable P(y=1), is described as: (3) Where F(.) represents the cumulative normal density function. The index is a linear function of , but the probabilities are not; therefore, the coefficient must be interpreted carefully. The estimation is done by maximizing the value of the log likelihood function, which is defined as: (4) The maximization of equation (4) is accomplished by non-linear estimation methods. Because it is a concave function, it has a unique solution and trial and error procedures can start from any value. The estimated coefficients tell the effect of a change in the explanatory variable on the index, rather than on the dependent variable. The effect on the dependent variable can b e computed as: (5) Where f(.) is the normal density function. It is clear from equation (5) that the effect on the dependent variable is different for each observation. Alternatively, the elasticity can be used, and is defined as: (6) Since the elasticity is different for every observation, either elasticity at means or weighted aggregate elasticity may be used. The elasticity at means is defined as: (7) The weighted aggregate elasticity is computed as: (8) A test of the null hypothesis that all are zero can be carried out by using the log-likelihood as follows: (9) Where L(0) is defined as: (10) Where N is the number of observations and S is the number of successes observed (=1). Various R ² can be computed, and the most appealing one can be selected. The Maddala R ² is computed as: (11) The Cragg-Uhler R ² is defined as: (12) The McFadden R ² is: (13) The Chow R ² is: (14)

Management Strategies Essay#2 - 6050 Words

Management Strategies Essay #2 (Essay Sample) Content: MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TO ENSURE THAT RESIDENTà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬S INDIVIDUAL INTERESTS, CUSTOMS, BELIEFS, CULTURAL AND ETHNIC BACKGROUNDS ARE VALUED AND FOSTEREDTable of contentsTOC \o "1-3" \h \z \uTable of contents2Summary3Introduction4Management strategies4Identifying the needs of the residents and their care givers4Integration of cultural competency into the service standards required foraged care programs5Identification of the most effective practices for culturally competent agedcare service delivery in different states6Analysing perceptions and experiences of culturally diversecommunities as regards abuse of the elderly6Development of a proper documentation process in order to ensurebetter understanding of the needs of elderly residents7Development of a language services policy for residential aged carefacilities7Adopting Service models that fit the characteristics of rural andremote communities8Conclusion8References9SummaryThere are several management strategies that can be adopted in order to ensure that the individual interests, customs, beliefs and cultural backgrounds of the residentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ in aged care facilities are valued and fostered. These strategies include: Identifying the needs of the residents and their care givers, integration of cultural competency into the service standards required for aged care programs, identification of the most effective practices for culturally competent aged care service delivery in different states, analysing the perceptions and experiences of culturally diverse communities in Australia as regards abuse of the elderly, the development of a proper documentation process, the development of a language services policy for our residential aged care facilities,and Adopting Service models that fit the characteristics of rural and remote communities.These strategies will help in providing higher satisfaction with the care given by ensuring adequate spiritual assessment for residents and good understanding of their individual interests, experiences, beliefs and cultural background. With the increased diversity in Australiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s older population, it is important for the government to treat issues concerning the multicultural aged-care service provision as an important public policy issue that has to be properly addressed. In order to maintain decent welfare service and aged-care planning, it is also essential to develop a cultural diversity strategy for the aged-care facilities. There must also be more cultural diversity education for healthcare personnel involved in the provision of aged-care services, as this will surely enhance their understanding of the residentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ preferences, individual interests, cultural and ethnic background.IntroductionThis paper will discuss some management strategies that are aimed at ensuring that the individual interests, customs, beliefs and cultural backgrounds of the residentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ in aged care facilities are valued and fostered. So me issues relating to the strategic management of aged-care will also be analysed, as well as notions and trends underlying aged care service in Australia.Recently, there has been a continued shift in the demographic profile in Australia due to a decrease in birth rate and increased longevity (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2007). As a result, there is a marked increase in the number of culturally and linguistically diverse older residents (Bowling, 2005; McCallum Gieselhart, 1996). This creates the need for a strategy that will see residential aged care patients access quality aged care services.The Aged care Act (1997) provides for standards of accreditation and care service for residential aged care. This Act highlights "the need to value and foster the individual interests, beliefs, customs, cultural and ethnic of aged care residents" (Aged care Act, 1997). Commonwealth funded services are also "accountable to the public service charter in Australiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s culturally div erse society" (Nay Garratt, 2006). The public service charter ensures that aged care services meet the particular needs of residents.Management StrategiesThere are several management strategies that can be implemented to ensure that the individual interests, beliefs and cultural backgrounds of residents are valued and fostered including:Identifying the needs of the residents and their care giversIdentifying the needs of the residents and their families, as well as the care givers is one of the first and most important steps in developing a management strategy for ensuring that the individual interests, customs, beliefs cultural and ethnic values of the residents are fostered (Commonwealth of Australia, 2000). This can be achieved by carrying out a written survey, reviewing the previous feedback from aged care staff or conducting individual interviews with the aged care staff. It may also be helpful to arrange a workshop during which these needs will be discussed in a group setting (Squire, 2002).The relevance of privacy issues is also notable, as residents from various backgrounds might ascribe different levels of importance to privacy matters (Mollenkopf Walker, 2007; Walker, 2004). For instance, residents who are of Chinese origin may experience a cultural conflict with the attitude of their aged-care providers as regards privacy (Lo, Woo, Zhoc, Li, Yeo, Johnson, Mak Lee, 2001). To Chinese residents, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"faceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ is a common term that is frequently used in their custom to describe respect that is expected from other individuals, including the aged-care staff and family members alike. In order to maintain that respect (i.e. to save face), family members might not say much during any open discussions involving the aged-care service providers and the family of the resident (Lo, et al, 2001).Professional aged-care providers may find this attitude from the residentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s family (which is referred to as a conspiracy of silence) to be qui te frustrating, but it must be understood that this attitude is due to the belief that any discussions about death will probably cause the resident to die (Lo, et al, 2001). Residents from different cultures may also have their beliefs and customs that have to be respected as regards issues of privacy. In most cases, such residents and the family members might not share these beliefs with the aged-care professionals (Crawley, Marshall, Lo, Koenig, 2002; McNamara, Martin, Waddell, Yuen, 1997). It is of utmost importance to conduct an individualised assessment of residents as regards their individual interests and cultural inclinations.Integration of cultural competency into the service standards required for aged care programsCultural competency has to do with the knowledge and skills of the aged care staff rather than their attitudes. Aged care providers must be culturally sensitive in order to be culturally competent and this involves the enhancement of communication skills, a go od knowledge of non-verbal communication and proper use of interpreters where necessary (Bennett Stewart, 2009; MacKinlay, 2009; MacKinlay, 2010).Cultural sensitivity can also be described as cultural brokerage (Hall, Stone, Fiset, 1998). The principles involved in cultural brokerage are similar to those for cultural sensitivity and competence. There are several steps that can be taken to ensure that proper support is provided for residentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ individual interests, customs, cultural and ethnic preferences. These steps include the use of effective communication techniques in eliciting important aspects of the residentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ attitudinal framework, customs and beliefs (Hall et al, 1998).It is also important for aged-care givers to be able to use effective communication skills to share important aspects of their own framework with the residents and the family of the resident. This helps to foster understanding and negotiate a common ground between the two parties. (Hall et al, 1998; Bennett Stewart, 2009)It is advisable for professional aged-care providers to be properly educated in cultural diversity issues. This will enable them to develop the skills necessary for building an open, non-threatening relationship with residents, as well as having good awareness of the potential impacts of their attitude on the care services rendered to the residents (Hall et al, 1998).Identification of the most effective practices for culturally competent aged care service delivery in different statesThe need for cultural sensitivity cannot be overstressed hence making it important for aged-care providers to have a good awareness of how the residentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ individual interests and culture establishes their basic assumptions, values and beliefs. Aged-care professionals must also acknowledge the existence of some intercultural differences and respect these differences (Croft, 2010; Putnam, 2007).Identifying the most effective practices for culturally competent a ged care service delivery will be instrumental in ensuring that the individual interests, customs, beliefs and cultural backgrounds of the residentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ in aged care facilities are valued. Aged-care services is answerable to the Charter of Public Service, which is aimed at ensuring that services provided actually do meet the particular needs of the people in need of such services. This strategy will also improve the degree of success and effectiveness of aged-care service providers in engaging the aged-care needs of culturally and linguistically diverse elder people in Australia. (Croft, 2010)Analysing perceptions and experiences of culturally diverse communities as regards abuse of the elderlyAnalysing the perceptions and experiences of culturally diverse communities would help in developing a ... Management Strategies Essay#2 - 6050 Words Management Strategies Essay #2 (Essay Sample) Content: MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TO ENSURE THAT RESIDENTà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬S INDIVIDUAL INTERESTS, CUSTOMS, BELIEFS, CULTURAL AND ETHNIC BACKGROUNDS ARE VALUED AND FOSTEREDTable of contentsTOC \o "1-3" \h \z \uTable of contents2Summary3Introduction4Management strategies4Identifying the needs of the residents and their care givers4Integration of cultural competency into the service standards required foraged care programs5Identification of the most effective practices for culturally competent agedcare service delivery in different states6Analysing perceptions and experiences of culturally diversecommunities as regards abuse of the elderly6Development of a proper documentation process in order to ensurebetter understanding of the needs of elderly residents7Development of a language services policy for residential aged carefacilities7Adopting Service models that fit the characteristics of rural andremote communities8Conclusion8References9SummaryThere are several management strategies that can be adopted in order to ensure that the individual interests, customs, beliefs and cultural backgrounds of the residentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ in aged care facilities are valued and fostered. These strategies include: Identifying the needs of the residents and their care givers, integration of cultural competency into the service standards required for aged care programs, identification of the most effective practices for culturally competent aged care service delivery in different states, analysing the perceptions and experiences of culturally diverse communities in Australia as regards abuse of the elderly, the development of a proper documentation process, the development of a language services policy for our residential aged care facilities,and Adopting Service models that fit the characteristics of rural and remote communities.These strategies will help in providing higher satisfaction with the care given by ensuring adequate spiritual assessment for residents and good understanding of their individual interests, experiences, beliefs and cultural background. With the increased diversity in Australiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s older population, it is important for the government to treat issues concerning the multicultural aged-care service provision as an important public policy issue that has to be properly addressed. In order to maintain decent welfare service and aged-care planning, it is also essential to develop a cultural diversity strategy for the aged-care facilities. There must also be more cultural diversity education for healthcare personnel involved in the provision of aged-care services, as this will surely enhance their understanding of the residentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ preferences, individual interests, cultural and ethnic background.IntroductionThis paper will discuss some management strategies that are aimed at ensuring that the individual interests, customs, beliefs and cultural backgrounds of the residentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ in aged care facilities are valued and fostered. So me issues relating to the strategic management of aged-care will also be analysed, as well as notions and trends underlying aged care service in Australia.Recently, there has been a continued shift in the demographic profile in Australia due to a decrease in birth rate and increased longevity (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2007). As a result, there is a marked increase in the number of culturally and linguistically diverse older residents (Bowling, 2005; McCallum Gieselhart, 1996). This creates the need for a strategy that will see residential aged care patients access quality aged care services.The Aged care Act (1997) provides for standards of accreditation and care service for residential aged care. This Act highlights "the need to value and foster the individual interests, beliefs, customs, cultural and ethnic of aged care residents" (Aged care Act, 1997). Commonwealth funded services are also "accountable to the public service charter in Australiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s culturally div erse society" (Nay Garratt, 2006). The public service charter ensures that aged care services meet the particular needs of residents.Management StrategiesThere are several management strategies that can be implemented to ensure that the individual interests, beliefs and cultural backgrounds of residents are valued and fostered including:Identifying the needs of the residents and their care giversIdentifying the needs of the residents and their families, as well as the care givers is one of the first and most important steps in developing a management strategy for ensuring that the individual interests, customs, beliefs cultural and ethnic values of the residents are fostered (Commonwealth of Australia, 2000). This can be achieved by carrying out a written survey, reviewing the previous feedback from aged care staff or conducting individual interviews with the aged care staff. It may also be helpful to arrange a workshop during which these needs will be discussed in a group setting (Squire, 2002).The relevance of privacy issues is also notable, as residents from various backgrounds might ascribe different levels of importance to privacy matters (Mollenkopf Walker, 2007; Walker, 2004). For instance, residents who are of Chinese origin may experience a cultural conflict with the attitude of their aged-care providers as regards privacy (Lo, Woo, Zhoc, Li, Yeo, Johnson, Mak Lee, 2001). To Chinese residents, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"faceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ is a common term that is frequently used in their custom to describe respect that is expected from other individuals, including the aged-care staff and family members alike. In order to maintain that respect (i.e. to save face), family members might not say much during any open discussions involving the aged-care service providers and the family of the resident (Lo, et al, 2001).Professional aged-care providers may find this attitude from the residentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s family (which is referred to as a conspiracy of silence) to be qui te frustrating, but it must be understood that this attitude is due to the belief that any discussions about death will probably cause the resident to die (Lo, et al, 2001). Residents from different cultures may also have their beliefs and customs that have to be respected as regards issues of privacy. In most cases, such residents and the family members might not share these beliefs with the aged-care professionals (Crawley, Marshall, Lo, Koenig, 2002; McNamara, Martin, Waddell, Yuen, 1997). It is of utmost importance to conduct an individualised assessment of residents as regards their individual interests and cultural inclinations.Integration of cultural competency into the service standards required for aged care programsCultural competency has to do with the knowledge and skills of the aged care staff rather than their attitudes. Aged care providers must be culturally sensitive in order to be culturally competent and this involves the enhancement of communication skills, a go od knowledge of non-verbal communication and proper use of interpreters where necessary (Bennett Stewart, 2009; MacKinlay, 2009; MacKinlay, 2010).Cultural sensitivity can also be described as cultural brokerage (Hall, Stone, Fiset, 1998). The principles involved in cultural brokerage are similar to those for cultural sensitivity and competence. There are several steps that can be taken to ensure that proper support is provided for residentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ individual interests, customs, cultural and ethnic preferences. These steps include the use of effective communication techniques in eliciting important aspects of the residentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ attitudinal framework, customs and beliefs (Hall et al, 1998).It is also important for aged-care givers to be able to use effective communication skills to share important aspects of their own framework with the residents and the family of the resident. This helps to foster understanding and negotiate a common ground between the two parties. (Hall et al, 1998; Bennett Stewart, 2009)It is advisable for professional aged-care providers to be properly educated in cultural diversity issues. This will enable them to develop the skills necessary for building an open, non-threatening relationship with residents, as well as having good awareness of the potential impacts of their attitude on the care services rendered to the residents (Hall et al, 1998).Identification of the most effective practices for culturally competent aged care service delivery in different statesThe need for cultural sensitivity cannot be overstressed hence making it important for aged-care providers to have a good awareness of how the residentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ individual interests and culture establishes their basic assumptions, values and beliefs. Aged-care professionals must also acknowledge the existence of some intercultural differences and respect these differences (Croft, 2010; Putnam, 2007).Identifying the most effective practices for culturally competent a ged care service delivery will be instrumental in ensuring that the individual interests, customs, beliefs and cultural backgrounds of the residentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ in aged care facilities are valued. Aged-care services is answerable to the Charter of Public Service, which is aimed at ensuring that services provided actually do meet the particular needs of the people in need of such services. This strategy will also improve the degree of success and effectiveness of aged-care service providers in engaging the aged-care needs of culturally and linguistically diverse elder people in Australia. (Croft, 2010)Analysing perceptions and experiences of culturally diverse communities as regards abuse of the elderlyAnalysing the perceptions and experiences of culturally diverse communities would help in developing a ...

A Tort Law - Free Essay Example

Introduction Based on the question, Mark had suffered property damage due to the fire that was set by the youths. Therefore, we are required to advice Mark in respect of any claims he may have against various parties: the Amber Borough Council (hereinafter ABC), Chigley Services, Home Office, Justin and Jason, and the Fire Brigade. Technically, Mark could bring an action for economic loss under negligence and vicarious liability which are governed by the law of tort. Since we are advising Mark to take an action for economic loss, we will be discussing pure economic loss before considering the potential liabilities of each party. Economic Loss First and foremost, the law of tort has always been willing to compensate losses resulting from tort that are described as economic with damages[1]. Generally, there are 2 types of economic loss: the consequential and pure economic loss. There is a case which illustrates the difference between the types of loss, Spartan Steel v Martin[2]. Here, the claimant was unable to carry out their operation due to the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s negligence and claim under three heads: firstly, the damage to the metal that was in the furnace at the time of the power cut; secondly, the loss of profit that would have been made on the sale of that metal; and thirdly, the loss of profit on metal which would have been processed during the time the factory was closed due to the power cut. A majority of the Court of Appeal held that the first two claims were recoverable as the first claim belongs to physical damage to property while the second claim categorized as economic loss arising from damage to property. However, the third claim was not recoverable as the court held that it was pure economic loss and due to policy reasons. Thus, pure economic loss is not recoverable as it does not result from damage to property or physical injury but rather claim through insurance by virtue of the case of Marc Rich v Bishop[3]. By referring back to the facts, it was found that the fire set out by the youths had caused damage to the neighbouring property including Markà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s bakerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s shop. Therefore, it is likely that Mark would be able to claim for consequential economic loss. However, each partyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tortious liability needs to be established first in order for Mark to be able to succeed in his claims. Justin Jason Based on the question, the youths who ha d broken into the disused school and set fire to it had been clearing rubbish from a neighbouring stream and were supposed to have been supervised by Justin and Jason, both of whom are Chigley Services employees. However, both of them had gone for a cigarette break and left the youths unsupervised at the time the break-in occurred. Thus, Mark could bring an action against them under negligence. As per Baron Alderson in Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks[4], he defines negligence as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“omission to do something, which a reasonable man, guided upon those considerations, which ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs, would do, or doing something, which a prudent and reasonable man would not do.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [5] Therefore, in order for negligence to be actionable, there are three main elements to be established as stated by Lord Wright in Lochgelly Iron Co v McMullan[6]: The defendant must owe the claimant a duty of care; The defendant must breach that duty of care; That failure must cause damage to the claimant and the damage is not too remote. Duty of care First and foremost, Mark must prove that both Justin and Jason owe him a duty of care. If he fails to establish this, his suit will be unsuccessful regardless of how careless the defendant is or the defendant carelessness that caused the damage. In regard to the establishment of duty of care, we are required to look into Lord Atkinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s groundbreaking judgement in the early case of Donoghue v Stevenson[7]. In this case, Lord Atkin had developed the neighbourhood principle which states that the duty of care is owed to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the act or omission called into questionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [8] Therefore, once the neighbour principle is satisfied, the person will be assumed to have duty of care towards the claimant. Despite a two-stage test was set down in Anns v Merton[9] after the case of Donoghue, in 1990, it has been overruled by Caparo v Dickman[10] which laid down the modern three part test and it was said to be the basic test for duty of care which is still applicable until today. Thus, in order to decide whether there was a duty of care, the court must now consider: Whether the consequences of the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s act were reasonably foreseeable; Whether there is a relationship of proximity between the parties; and Whether in all the circumstances it would be just, fair and reasonable to impose a duty Firstly, the defendant must have foreseen the risk of harm to the claimant at the time he is alleged to have been negligent. As stated by Lord Lloyd in Page v Smith[11], à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the test in every case ought to be whether the defendant can reasonably foresee that his conduct will expose the claimant to the riskà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [12] By referring back to the question, Justin and Jason were supervising a group of youths from a young offenders institution, hence, it is reasonable to foresee that by leaving the youths unsupervised, it would expose Mark to a certain risk. Even though Justin and Jason might try to argue based on the case of Topp v London Country Bus[13] where the bus company did not owe a duty of care when leaving a bus unattended and joy riders stole the bus and injured the claimant. It is unlikely that they will succeed as the bus was not operating at that time. Secondly, Mark must prove that there is a relationship of proximity between him and the defendants. P roximity must be a legal one rather than factual proximity. Following the case of Sutherland Shire Council v Heyman[14], proximity could be said as involving the notion of nearness or closeness, a nexus or relationship; embracing physical proximity between the parties or their property; concerning proximity in relationships such as employer and employee or of a professional man and his client; including causal proximity in the sense of the closeness or directness between the course of conduct and the loss and injury sustained; or reflecting an assumption by one party of a responsibility to take care to avoid the injury, loss or damage to another, or where a party relies on such care. Based on the question, there is a relationship of proximity between Mark and the defendants as the bakerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s shop was located nearby the school. Thirdly, the court must consider whether it is just, fair and reasonable to impose a duty on the defendants. The test of fairness is closely associated and inevitably intertwined with the first two elements. Therefore, it is the judgesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ discretion to impose a duty of care if it is just fair and reasonable. Breach of duty of care After proving that there was a duty of care owed to Mark, he must now prove that Justin and Jason have breached the duty of care. The second element of the negligence refers to the standard of care that is appropriate to the duty owed. Therefore, when the party owing the particular duty falls below the standard of behaviour that is required that is required by the respective duty, breach of duty occurs. Before accessing in detail, we must first identify whether Justin and Jason is an ordinary or skilled defendant. Based on the question, it could be seen that they are ordinary person. Therefore, the appropriate standard of care would be based on reasonable manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s test and the conduct of Justin and Jason are measured against that of a reasonable person in the same circumstances. In deciding whether there was a breach of duty, the court will take into account the following four factors: the degree of risk involved, the practicability of taking precautions, the seriousness of harm and the social importance of the risky activity. In the case Walker v Northumberland[15], the courts held that the defendants was in breach of their duty due to failing to take reasonable steps to avoid psychiatric injury after knowing of the social workerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s likelihood to suffer a subsequent nervous breakdown. This could be a good illustration to the facts of the question because by applying it, Justin and Jason would be in breach of their duty of care for failing to take reasonable steps to avoid the risk involved since the youths had track records of juvenile behaviour to commit offences again. Causation After establishing the first two elements, the third element that needs to be established by Mark is the element of causation. In the ca se of Barnett v Kensington[16], the court adopted the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“but forà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  test in regards to factual causation. By referring to the question, it is certain that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“but forà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  the breach of duty of care by Justin and Jason the incident would not have occurred. Nevertheless, Justin and Jason might rely on novus actus interveniens by stating that the action of the youths, the fire brigade and the Amber Borough Council have break the chain of causation. It is highly likely that Justin and Jason will quote the case of Smith v Littlewood[17] stating that the youths broke the chain of causation by setting the fire. On the other hand, Mark could argue by distinguishing the facts in Smith as the cinema owners in that case did not know about previous acts of vandalism but on the facts the local residents reported that youths had broken into the site on a number of occasions. Remoteness of damage The final element of proof in negligence is whet her there is a causation in law, which also known as remoteness of damage. In order for Mark to succeed in claiming under negligence, it is essential for him to prove that the damage is not too remote. In the case of Wagon Mound 2[18], the court held that the defendants were liable even though the likelihood of harm was low, the seriousness of harm was high and it would have cost nothing to prevent it.[19] Therefore, by applying back to the case, it is highly likely that Justin and Jason would be held liable for the property damage suffered by Mark due to the seriousness of harm and the likelihood of the youths to cause damage. Even though Justin and Jason would argue based on the case of Wagon Mound 1[20] which lies the test of whether the damage is of a kind that was foreseeable and argue that the damage caused by the youths was unforeseeable, it is likely that they would fail. Thus, Mark would be successful in claiming from Justin and Jason. Chigley Services In order to act in the best interest of the client, we could advise Mark to bring an action against Chigley Services under the tort of vicarious liability to claim for damages since Justin and Jason are the employees of Chigley Services. This is because an employer will be in the best financial position to meet a claim rather than an individual and therefore, Mark would be able to claim a higher amount of damage. The tort of vicarious liability is a form of joint liability since an employer is being made liable for the tort committed by his employee. In pursuance of establishing vicarious liability, there are a few elements that need to be established. First and foremost, whether the person committing the primary tort is an employee; secondly, was there a tort that has been committed; and thirdly, was the tort committed in the course of employment or so closely connected to the employment. The court would refer to the Employment Rights Act 1996[21] in determining the employment status. It is no do ubt that Chigley Services is the employer of Justin and Jason and both of them had committed tort. Hence, the only issue that we need to consider would be whether the tort committed was in the course of employment. Mark would argue that both Justin and Jason had carried out an authorised act in an unauthorised manner by having a cigarette break owing to the case of Century Insurance v Northern Ireland Transport Board[22]. Per contra, Chigley Services could bring in the case of Hilton v Thomas Burton[23] to support their rebutment by stating that the tort was committed outside the course of employment and Justin and Jason were à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“on a frolicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Therefore, Mark would not be likely to succeed in claiming from Chigley Services by virtue of this case. Home Office Duty of Care Based on the neighbor principle in Donoghue, it is possible for Mark to bring his case against the Home Office to claim for economic loss under the tort of negligence. As discussed above, Mark needs to satisfy the four elements as required so that his claim would be successful. Therefore, the Caparo test would be used again to consider whether the Home Office owes Mark a duty of care. However, it must be noted that since the Home Office is a public authority and act under a statutory duty, the courts are withdrawn from imposing duty due to policy reasons. Policy Reasons The policy reasons are the main consideration for the courts to decide whether or not to impose liability. As stated by Winfield and Jolowicz, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the court must decide not simply whether there is or is not a duty, but whether there should or should not be one.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [24] The liability of public authorities is subjected into misfeasance and non-feasance. In this case, it would be a non-feasance liability and the traditional approach is in the case of Home Office v Dorset Yacht [25] which is very similar to the present case. In Dorset, it was held that the Home Office owes a duty of care towards the claimant as they were in control of the 3rd party and was reasonably foreseeable that harm would result in their action. On the other hand, the Home Office could support their argument by using the case of Lamb v London Borough of Camden[26] as Lord Denning, for a unanimous court, rejects the Home Officeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s test for being too expansive and allowing damages to be assessed when they should not. He further stated that in all of these types of cases what really lies behind the judicial decisions is public policy.[27] Besides, the Home Office could reinforce their argument by stating that there was no sufficient proximity between Mark and the Home Office as per the case of K v Secretary of the State for the Home Department[28]. Hence, the court would not impose liability on the Home Office based on policy reasons. Fire Brigade Further, Mark could bring an action against the fire brigade under negligence. Without doubt, it is reasonabl y foreseeable that the fire would continue to spread and caused injury or property damage due to the negligence of the fire brigade and therefore the issue of proximity will be accessed. Based on the case of Hill v CC of West Yorkshire[29], the court will generally render insufficient proximity between public authority and general public. However, Mark could cite the case of Kent v Griffiths[30] to strengthen his argument that the fire brigade owed him a duty of care and there was sufficient proximity between the parties. In this case, Lord Reid stated that if a person who is foreseeable to suffer further injuries by a delay in providing an ambulance and there was no reason why it should not be provided, it is important in establishing the necessary proximity and duty of care in the case. On the other hand, the fire brigade would rely on the case of John Munroe v London Fire and Civil Defence Authority[31] to exclude liability. The fire brigade could distinguish Kent by stating that in the present case, the Amber Valley Fire Brigade was unavailable at that time, which means that they had other duties to carry out aside from Markà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. Besides, the other fire engine dispatched from Leicester who got lost because they put the wrong address in the sat-nav may be acceptable as they might be unfamiliar of Amber Valley. Thus, the court would discharge the fire brigadeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s liability due to policy reasons. ABC Last but not least, Mark could pursue an action under negligence to claim from ABC as well. The duty of care will be establish if Mark able to satisfy the Caparo test as discussed above. Since the site had broken into on a number of occasions, ABC could be found reasonably liable and there was sufficient proximity between the parties since the bakery shop was nearby the school. The question will lie on whether ABC had breach the duty of care. Mark could apply the case of Miller v Jackson[32] in contrast with Bolton v Stone[33] at his favor. Due to the site was broken into on a couple of times, the likelihood of injury would be high and therefore ABC would be in breach of duty. Besides, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“but for testà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  also in favor of Mark because à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“but forà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  the breach of ABC the youth would not have enter into the site and conduct any offences. However, ABC could challenge on the ground of legal causation and held that the damage done was too remote by relying on Wagon Mound 1. Thus, Mark would be likely to fail in his claim. Conclusion In a nutshell, Mark could pursue an action against these parties but he will only be successful in claiming damages from Justin and Jason. 1 [1] Catherine Elliott Frances Quinn, Tort Law ( 7th edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009 ) pg.27 [2] Spartan Steel Alloys Ltd v Martin [1972] 3 WLR 502 [3] Marc Rich v Bishop Rock Marine [1996]1 AC 212 (HL) [4] Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Company [1856] 11 Ex Ch 781 [5] Ibid. [6] Lochgelly Iron and Coal Co. v. McMullan [1934] AC1, 25 [7] Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] UKHL 100 [8] Ibid [9] Anns v Merton London Borough Council [1978] A.C. 728 [10] Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] UKHL 2 [11] Page v Smith [1995] UKHL 7 [12] Ibid [13] Topp v London Country Bus (South West) Ltd [1993] CA [14] Sutherland Shire Council v Heyman (1985) 157 CLR 424 [15] Walker v Northumberland County Council [1995] IRLR 35 [16] Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital Management Committee [1968] 1 All ER 1068 [17] Smith v Littlewoods Organisation Ltd [1987] UKHL 18 [18] Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v The Miller Steamship Co or Wagon Mound (No. 2) [ 1967] 1 AC 617 [19] Available at https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/The-Wagon-Mound-No-2.php accessed 17th January 2014 [20] Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock and Engineering Co Ltd or Wagon Mound (No. 1) [1961] UKPC 1 [21] Employment Rights Act 1996 [22] Century Insurance Co v Northern Ireland Road Transport Board [1942] AC 509 [23] Hilton v Thomas Burton (Rhodes) Ltd [1961] [24] Chris Turner Sue Hodge, Unlocking Torts (3rd edition, Hodder Education, 2010) [25] Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd [1970] UKHL 2 [26] Lamb v London Borough of Camden [1981]2 All ER 408 (CA) [27] Ibid [28] K v Secretary of the State for the Home Department [2002] EWCA Civ 983 [29] Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire [1988] 2 WLR 1049 [30] Kent v Griffiths [2000] 2 All ER 474 [31] John Munroe v London Fire and Civil Defence Authority [1997] QB 1004 (CA) [32] Miller v Jackson [1977] QB 966 [33] Bolton v. Stone [1951] AC 850, [1951] 1 All ER 1078

Definition and Examples of Syncopy in English

Imperialism in the 19th century - 1746 Words

There was a great deal of Imperialism in the 19th century, led by mostly westerners from Europe. Imperialism is the act in which one nation extends its rule over another. Imperialism had a substantial effect on the 19th century throughout the entire world by bringing upon changes to many different countries, for better and for worse, especially to Africa. Prior to the nineteenth century, westerners did interfere with many of the affairs of nations outside of their boarders, so signs of imperialism are shown many times throughout history. Examples of this would be the European colonies in the Americas and also influence in Asia. Whenever a western country was involved with the economy of an outside country, There were many reasons for†¦show more content†¦In addition to advances in medicine and in industry, new weapons were developed, which could easily defeat those of the Africans. This allowed for larger European settlements to be set up in Africa and hence, the race for territories began. Another reason for the scramble for Africa was the fear of upsetting the balance of power. Every European nation was concerned about their rivals becoming more powerful than they were. The main nations involved were Britain, France, Germany, and Italy. During the late nineteenth century, all of these countries, and a few others went into a scramble to claim territories in Africa. (Mastanduno, Michael Imperialism) The scramble for Africa began with an attempt by King Leopold II of Belgium wanting to gain control of the area of the Congo Basin. Tensions arose between the British and the French, because of the British gaining more control over Egypt, which was the country they had once had joint control over the finances of. France was also competing with Italy in northern Africa, so tensions were strong everywhere. Germany felt pressured by the other European nations who were gaining control over territories on Africa. Bismarck, who happened to be ruler at the time, declared control over three territories in eastern and western Africa, which caused even more strain between European nations. Since the control for African territories arose very quickly, the Berlin Conference wasShow MoreRelatedThe 19th And 20th Century Imperialism1297 Words   |  6 PagesThe 19th and 20th century imperialism was substantially about the exploitation of the empires colonies and thus was not a necessarily an †˜civilizing mission’. During the 19th and 20th century European powers tried to justify their actions, by claiming that they were trying to re-educate the native population through education, this included Christian missionaries which were placed throughout Asia, Africa and Latin America. 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