Hitler vs. Napoleon

Historians have noted the similarities between Napoleon and Hitler for years.   Both were charismatic dictators who established regimes in times of war and had ambitions of European domination.   Both were enormously successful but short-lived in their enterprises.   For these and other reasons, Napoleon is easily comparable to Hitler.   This essay will explore this comparability in terms of their national achievements, conquests, nationalism, origins, legacy and military/political maneuvers. Though now popularly viewed as a despot, Napoleon, like Hitler, contributed many positive elements to his native country.   He codified French law, particularly the Civil Code, replacing the Ancient Regime’s 360 local codes.   He also implemented lycees, secondary schools that were meant to instruct future leaders of France.   Hitler, by comparison, instigated in Germany one of the largest booms in civil advancement and industrial expansion the country has ever witnessed.   Like Napoleon, military growth accounted for much of the economical improvement. Napoleon’s strategy of conquest is also very similar to Hitler’s.   Both had aims to one day bring all of Europe under their control, and just as Napoleon abandoned campaigns in Britain and ended his career in the Russian wastes, so too did Hitler.   Napoleon attacked Russia from an almost impregnable position of advantage in 1812, assaulting a country that posed no overt threat.   Hitler did the same in 1941.   It is possible both were suffering from the hubris, or excessive pride, of their successes. Whatever the case, Napoleon was definitely known for his nationalistic pride of Corsica (and France), much like Hitler for his German heritage.   The Bonapartists saw themselves as inheritors of the French revolution, and Napoleon’s efforts to expand the empire were tireless.   He forbade his conquered countries from expressing their own national heritage, which may have later led to a rise in nationalism in those territories.   Most notable of these territories was Germany, whose nationalistic rise Hitler augmented to preclude the inclusion of Jews or any non-Ango ethnicities. Both Napoleon and Hitler came from relatively humble origins.   Napoleon was born in Corsica, a possession of France.   The son of a moderately successful attorney, Napoleon received a fair education but carried an Italian accent that would set him apart from the higher tiers of French society.   He began his military career as an artillery officer, not considered a desirable command at the time.   Hitler, similarly, was not wealthy in his youth.   He lived a bohemian life on minimal wages, never completed his high school education, and scratched by a living as a failing artist.   But like Napoleon, Hitler would transcend his unspectacular origins, leaving behind a considerable mark on their cultures and the world. Napoleon’s legacy is evident in his Code, his invention of the modern military conscript, and his innovations on warfare.   Under Napoleon, corps took the place of divisions as the largest military unit, cavalry increased in importance, battles became more decisive with broader attack fronts, and armies focused on the annihilation of enemy armies as opposed to out-maneuvering them.   He is thought to have spread the Revolutionary philosophy throughout Europe, manifested in the nation states that rose in Italy and Germany. His Napoleonic Code, however, is the innovation for which even Napoleon knew he would be most known.   Hitler’s contributions are, by contrast, negative.   He is responsible for taking anti-Semitism to a national scale, implementing the Nazi Party (which still exists today in various forms), and propagating fascism and intolerance as natural products of his military and political strategy. Indeed, Napoleon was very similar to Hitler in regard to political/military strategy, as well.   Both leaders used aggressive strategies in the acquisition of land and both suppressed revolts of the peoples their regimes oppressed.   Napoleon was known for his efforts to put down a major Haitian slave revolt and, in 1801 France, to re-establish slavery after its post-Revolution ban. Likewise, Hitler is notorious for his persecution of the Jews, his anti-Semitic tirades that won him enormous favor among vast demographics of the German population, and his supreme execution of suppression and extermination, the Holocaust.   While their strategies show similarity, Napoleon’s do not equal Hitler’s in terms of sheer ferocity and nationalistic fervor.   

Feasibility Study Essay

This study is developed to provide an entrepreneur with potential investment opportunity in setting up and operating a bar restaurant offering a variety of food and beverages items and accompanied by a quality service to the general public. This feasibility study gives an insight into various aspects of planning, setting up and operating a bar restaurant for the general populace. The study is designed to provide relevant details (including technical) to help entrepreneur in decision making by providing various technical as well as business alternatives. The study also allows flexibility to change various project parameters to suit the needs of an entrepreneur and the target market. Brief Background of the Study A bar restaurant is a food service establishment that serves food, non-alcoholic and alcoholic drinks — beer, wine, liquor, and cocktails — for consumption on the premises. Bar restaurants provide stools or chairs that are placed at tables or counters for their patrons. Some bar restaurant have entertainment on a stage, such as a live band, comedians, go-go dancers, or strippers. Bar restaurants which offer entertainment or live music are often referred to as music bars or nightclubs. Many bar restaurants have a happy hour to encourage off-peak guests. Bar restaurants that fill to capacity sometimes implement a cover charge or a minimum purchase requirement during their peak hours. Such barrestaurants often feature entertainment, which may be a live band or a disk jockey playing recorded music. The term â€Å"bar† is derived from the specialized counter on which drinks are served. Guests may sit or stand at the bar and be served by the bartender, or they may sit at tables and be served by cocktail servers. And restaurant caters complete set of meal to a target market, class of market or customers. So when the bar and restaurant were put up together, it has the expertise in serving food and beverages for their guests. The â€Å"back bar† is a set of shelves of glasses and bottles behind that counter. In some establishments, the back bar is elaborately decorated with woodwork, etched glass, mirrors, and lights. A bar restaurant’s owners and managers choose the establishment’s name, dà ©cor, drink menu, lighting, and other elements which they think will attract a certain kind of guests. However, they have only limited influence over who patronizes their establishment. Thus, a bar originally intended for one demographic profile can become popular with another. Objectives of the Study The objective of the feasibility study is primarily to facilitate us as a potential entrepreneurs in project identification for investment or putting up a business such as a bar restaurant. The project feasibility may form the basis of an important investment decision and in order to serve this objective, the document/study covers various aspects of project concept development, start-up, and production, finance and business management. The study will also determine if it is feasible for an entrepreneur to put up a bar restaurant in San Ramon Dinalupihan, Bataan. Market area, site selection, competition and financial analysis are made through observational research, surveys and literature review, and results of the analysis are concluded. Name of the Establishment In order to gain a success in establishing a food and beverage business, one should consider on creating a unique name but so easy to remember by the customers. Nowadays, you can find different establishments of food and beverages. So to be popular, you must be creative on choosing the best name for your business. Why ‘BARkada Lounge’? Barkada is a Tagalog word for friends. Having friend with someone is not that easy, it would take a while before you consider a person as one of your friends. At some point, you cannot consider even your family as a friend of yours, only if, you and her tagged a long for a while and knew each other’s secrets. In ‘BARkada Lounge’, you could bring any of your friends and you could also treat all the employees and staffs as one of your friends. Here, you can celebrate all the important occasions of your life and release the stress and burden that disturb you a lot, just like a friend. Our Logo The glass tankard with a full colourful music bar inside symbolizes for fun, entertainment and beverages. The two ovals shaped around the main logo: the red –which is outside – defines stop in our bar restaurant and; the green – which is inside – defines go and have fun inside. The stars that is about to fly defines everyone is a performer here, either you’re a singer or a dancer. Our Mission To provide a fun and entertaining bar restaurant service with top quality food that will exceed the customer’s expectations. Our Vision To be known in our chosen field and recognized as one of the best establishment providing the best eminence of foods that contribute to the growth of F&B and Hospitality Industry. Site Selection This section deals with the reason for choosing the site, site analysis evaluation, general area evaluation, local area evaluation and the vicinity map. Reason for Choosing the Site A restaurant’s location is as crucial to its success as great food and service. The location of a restaurant is the bridge between your target market and your concept. The most important aspect of site selection is to assure that all factors that could possibly have any bearing on the decision are considered carefully. Selection of a suitable site should come after the restaurateur has gathered the pertinent information and organized, analyzed, and evaluated it. The investigation should be exhaustive and follow a logical process. Decision factors vary in importance depending on the individual and the type of restaurant under consideration. The decision-making process in site selection must include large amount of information assembled and presented in a clear manner. If this is not done, the chance of making a wise choice is very slim. It is necessary to know the growth patterns of neighbourhoods to determine if a particular type of restaurant will be in demand for the foresee able future. The proposed location of ‘BARkada Lounge’ is at San Ramon Dinalupihan, Bataan. Dinalupihan is a first class municipality in the province of Bataan. A wide variety of different establishments such as food chains, grocery stores, mini bar houses, and the like are located in this place where people can find entertainment and relaxation. And as the demands of the increasing and unstable needs and wants of the community, they were much eager to experience a highly adaptive dining and trendy party setting in which you can found in Dinalupihan. Since Dinalupihan is in the middle of the two leading cities in the region III, which is the Olongapo and Balanga, the accessibility to both public and private establishments will definitely make the ‘BARkada Lounge’ easily identified to the public where people can enjoy a cozy atmosphere as well as foods and beverages, whether alcoholic or non-alcoholic. Site description and evaluation is the initial element in which that of determines the overall physical development of profitable well-planned and visually attractive food and beverage service facilities. Dinalupihan is a 1st class municipality in the province of Bataan, Philippines. It is the only land-locked municipality of the province. Dinalupihan is located 95 kms. east of Manila and can be reached through the Olongapo-Gapan route via the North Luzon Expressway. The town has a total land area of 4,460.00 hectares representing 6.69% of the total land area of Bataan. It is composed of 46 barangays with a total population of 92,289 people in 14,833 households. Dinalupihan is primarily an agricultural town whose main resources are palay, sugar cane, corn, root crops, legumes and fruits including livestock and poultry. Our proposed site for our future project is located at San Ramon Dinalupihan, Bataan. It is measured as 502 square meters. With this location, we are very confident that the project will be feasible and very effective to our chosen market. The relief varies from level, rolling and hilly to mountainous especially in the south and north-western sections of the area. The terrain of the municipality is gently sloping to undulating particularly the northern portion wherein cultivated lands are located. Between the northern and southern fringes are areas moderately sloping to rolling land with some scattered steep hills. The municipality is drained by numerous rivers and small streams with very few meanders radiating and sloping from the mountain groups down to the sea draining the whole area efficiently. Local Area Evaluation The study of our chosen location’s trading area, traffic, complementary and competing outlets, and vulnerability; parking surroundings, area changes, and cost meet our proposed needs as an entrepreneur. Visibility concerns the ability of potential shoppers to enjoy an unobstructed view of a store or its sign from a number of vantage points.It also considers ease of entrance and exit from the site. Local signage ordinances should be check and it is very useful to use the presence of distinguishing landmarks for an accurate direction of the site. Visibility is extremely important to the quality service food industry and popular-priced bar restaurants, because high visibility allows the consumer more time to change lanes and navigate the entrance to an eatery’s parking lot. The site is undeniably accessible to main arteries as the municipality’s public market going to Capitol Drive on the right side and vice versa. Locationally, accessibility represents the ease with which people move into and out of an area and, more particularly, into and out of a specific location. When determining accessibility, it is necessary to consider major and minor traffic arteries, number of lanes, speed limits, turn signals, turning lanes, curb cuts, and traffic backup, congestion points, and the existence of median strips. The value of a location also depends the accessibility of both public and private modes of transportation, such as customers and suppliers, to and from the site. The ‘BARkada Lounge’ will be very easy for residents and non-residents of the area to find, with the adequacy and potential of vehicular or passenger is unquestionably high, as we go with the flow of the continuous economy growth in the Municipality of Dinalupihan. Through pipe system, the Dinalupihan Water District has the full charge of water supply distribution in the area. The most common source of water is its ground water. Hence, the water supply in the Municipality of Dinalupihan is very sufficient. Major telephone companies servicing the town are Digital Telecommunications (Digitel) and Bayan Telecommunications (BayanTel). Cellular phones are also available through Smart/TalknText, Globe/Touch Mobile, Sun Cellular and Mobiline. Radio Communications Philippines, Inc. (RCPI), provides telegram and telegraph services. Electricity is provided by Peninsula Electric Cooperative (PENELCO). The Dinalupihan Water District serves 19 barangays while other areas use free-flowing pumps and deep wells. The town has a total of 8 banks, 7 schools, 3 hospitals/health facilities, and 4 recreational facilities. Traffic Counts The study consists of data collection, including existing traffic volumes and turning movement counts, projected traffic volumes and the identification of required improvements such as traffic calming devices. This information can be gathered either by an automated tube counter or manually by a County staff which pertains to position personnel who perform traffic counts at intersections, usually during the time in which rush hour arises, to count and record the volume of traffic passing through and turning movements of the vehicles through an intersection. Traffic counts were performed by researchers on the day and hours they predicted that might peak day or hours will occur. The number of vehicles that passed by the site was shown at the table below. ‘BARkada Lounge’ was based on the economic status of these people who will be our future target market as indicated by the type of vehicle they are in.

Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets Essay

The Standard This standard distinguishes between provisions and contingent liabilities. A provision is included in the statement of financial position at the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the obligation at the end of the reporting period. A contingent liability is not recognised in the statement of financial position. However, unless the possibility of an outflow of economic resources is remote, a contingent liability is disclosed in the notes. Provisions A provision is a liability of uncertain timing or amount. A liability may be a legal obligation or a constructive obligation. A constructive obligation arises from the entity’s actions, through which it has indicated to others that it will accept certain responsibilities, and as a result has created an expectation that it will discharge those responsibilities. Examples of provisions may include warranty obligations; legal or constructive obligations to clean up contaminated land or restore facilities; and a retailer’s policy to refund customers. A provision is measured at the amount that the entity would rationally pay to settle the obligation at the end of the reporting period or to transfer it to a third party at that time. Risks and uncertainties are taken into account in the measurement of a provision. A provision is discounted to its present value. FRS 37 elaborates on the application of the recognition and measurement requirements for three specific cases: †¢ Future operating losses – A provision cannot be recognised because there is no obligation at the end of the reporting period. †¢ An onerous contract gives rise to a provision. †¢ A provision for restructuring costs is recognised only when the entity has a constructive obligation – the main features of the detailed restructuring plan have been announced to those affected by it. Contingent Liabilities Contingent liabilities are possible obligations whose existence will be confirmed by uncertain future events that are not wholly within the control of the entity. Contingent liabilities also include obligations that are not recognised because their amount cannot be measured reliably or settlement is not probable. An example of a contingent liability is litigation against the entity when the occurrence of any wrongdoing by the entity is uncertain. Contingent Assets Contingent assets are possible assets the existence of which will be confirmed by the occurrence or non-occurrence of uncertain future events that are not wholly within control of the entity. Contingent assets are not recognised in the statement of financial position. Contingent assets are disclosed when it is more likely than not that an inflow of benefits will occur. However, when the inflow of benefits is virtually certain an asset is recognised in the statement of financial position, because that asset is no longer considered to be contingent. Business Implications FRS 37 restricts the circumstances in which a provision can be recognised. It does not allow a provision to be created for the possibility of something occurring in future. There must be a present obligation (a liability) at the end of the reporting period. Although provisions are not recognised for future operating losses, the expectation of future operating losses triggers an impairment test of the operation’s asset. The impairment test may result in the recognition of an impairment loss. Furthermore, the present obligation under an onerous contract is recognised and measured as a provision. The measurement of a provision requires judgment about the amount, timing and risks of the cash flows required to settle the obligation. Caution is needed in making judgment under conditions of uncertainty. However, uncertainty does not justify the creation of excessive provisions.

Discuss the Biological Approach in Psychology Essay

Discuss the biological approach in psychology. Refer to at least one other approach in your answer. (12 marks) The biological approach focuses on both the physiological and evolutionary aspects which explain human behaviour. The causal level of analysis incorporates physiological explanations, such as the effect of nerves and hormones on behaviour. According to biological psychologists, behaviour is controlled by the nervous system, which consists of the central nervous system (the brain and the spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (the surrounding nerves), which itself includes the autonomic nervous system that controls automatic processes such as heart rate and the fight or flight syndrome. Within the central nervous system, neurons communicate with each other via sending chemical impulses, neurotransmitters, across synapses. Biopsychologists believe that these chemical processes in the brain directly influence human behaviour. Too much or too little of these chemicals ca n result in over-activity or under-activity in various parts of the brain; this alters thoughts, emotions and behaviour. For example, a link has been made between excessive dopaminergic activity in the brain and the incidence of schizophrenia. Pearlson et al (1993) used Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans and found a substantial increase in D2 receptors in patients with schizophrenia. Seeman et al (1993) also used PET scans, finding six times the density of D4 receptors in the brains of schizophrenic individuals. A limitation of such studies is the idea of cause and effect; for example, it is unclear whether the increase in dopamine receptors causes schizophrenia or is a result of the neuroleptic drugs taken. Yet, Pearlson’s study was carried out on individuals who had not been exposed to neuroleptic drugs, which therefore rules out cause and effect. Neuroimaging studies are able to study the structure and functioning of the brain, and have the advantage of being non-invasive. Researchers have shown how behaviour can be affected by different levels of sex hormones, for example increased tes tosterone has been linked to aggression and increased risk-taking. In forensic psychology, Eysenck’s theory of the criminal personality suggested that individuals who offend are high on the extroversion dimension and seek constant stimulation and autonomic arousal from their environment. These individuals are also said to be high on the neuroticism dimension, with high anxiety levels and an emotionally unstable central nervous system. Their nervous system reacts strongly to aversive stimuli and, as a result, these individuals cannot effectively learn socially appropriate behaviours. Eysenck’s theory is criticised for inconsistencies between criminal activity and extroversion. Zuckerman (1969) also argued that environmental stimulation may be sought as a result of boredom, where there is increased arousal. Behaviourists also emphasise the role of the environment as a determining factor of behaviour in the nature versus nurture debate. The behaviourist approach states that all individuals are born with ‘blank slates’ (tabula rasa), with behaviour being learnt through the process of conditioning, past experiences and the environment. With reference to the forensic psychology topic, neo-behaviourists argue that criminal behaviour is learnt by observing and imitating the behaviour of role models in the environment, e.g. peers, celebrities, novel characters. The imitation of aggressive behaviour is most clearly shown in studies conducted by Bandura et al (1963), in which children who observed models performing aggressive acts on a Bobo doll later displayed this same behaviour. However this experiment is criticised for being open to demand characteristics so the children knew what was expected of them, which confounded the results (Cumberbatch, 1992). In contrast, the functional level of analysis focuses on evolutionary and genetic theories of behaviour. In the 1800s, Charles Darwin postulated the evolutionary theory which put forward the idea of survival and reproduction as an important feature of behaviour in all species. In what he called the ‘survival of the fittest’, Darwin suggested that through th e process of natural selection animals with particular characteristics, as a result of possessing advantageous alleles, will survive. However, those with maladaptive genes cannot adapt to changes in environmental conditions, so will die or become extinct. Dowling (1994) stated that this process depends on three principles: species diversity, interaction and the spread of a species as a result of differential amplification. Sexual selection is another component of Darwin’s research, which explains the best strategies adopted for passing on genes to offspring. Moreover, there are problems with Darwin’s theory such as his attempts to generalise animal behaviour to the way in which humans interact in their environment. However, he has presented compelling evidence which is very scientific in its approach and methodology. Furthermore, contrary to Darwin’s evolutionary idea of survival of an individual, Dawkins (1976) suggested that the survival of the genes is more important. Schizophrenia twin studies have found a 46% concordance rate for monozygotic twins compared with a 14% concordance for dizygo tic twins. This high concordance suggests the contribution of genotype to the onset of schizophrenia, yet the 40% discordancy indicates that environment must play a role in the development of this condition. Moreover, localisation of function explains how different parts of the brain have particular functions; for example, the amygdala has been linked to aggression. A more famous example is the HM case study, in which an operation on his brain, in order to treat severe epilepsy, resulted in anterograde amnesia. The removal of HM’s hippocampus was therefore linked to his amnesia upon recovery, where he could not form new memories. Chromosomes are made up of genes which produce a phenotype, dominant or recessive. Abnormalities in chromosomes have been found through biological research. For example, Kleinfelter’s syndrome and Turner’s syndrome both comprise an atypical chromosomal pattern which, in turn, produces abnormal behaviour. Male individuals with Kleinfelter’s syndrome have the XXY chromosomal pattern, in which they possess an extra X chromosome; symptoms include broader hips and reduced fertility rates. Turner’s syndrome involves the absence of an X chromosome in females, resulting in webbed necks and memory deficits. Furthermore, criminal research has found an incidence rate of 0.1% XYY pattern in the ge neral population, with 1.5% XYY in the prison population, suggesting that atypical chromosomal patterns cause criminal behaviour. Yet, further studies have failed to confirm this link; Wilkin et al (1976) found that only 12 men in a large sample of 4500 males had the extra Y chromosome, with none being an offender. This theory was consequently refuted. The biological approach as provided a lot of evidence for the biological basis of behaviour, yet it tends to be deterministic, seeing free will as an illusion. The humanistic approach, however, believes that we are active agents and able to choose our behaviour. In addition, the biological approach is reductionist and dehumanising as it reduces all behaviour to biological processes, such as genes and neurochemicals. In contrast, both the humanistic and psychodynamic approaches are holistic to some extent. The humanistic approach emphasises the whole person and whole subjective experience, whilst the psychodynamic approach concentrates on the individual’s life. A method used in much of biological research is the use of laboratory studies. These are high in control, yet lack ecological validity as the findings cannot be generalised outside such a controlled environment. Similar to the biological approach, the behaviourist approach uses scientific methods which are falsifiable and objective. For example, operant conditioning was studied by Skinner in a series of experiments with rats who, when by chance, pressed a lever received a pellet of food. Through positive reinforcement, they continued to press the lever in order to increase the likelihood of the desired response being repeated (receiving food). However, the use of animal studies means that findings may lack generalisability to human behaviour; although, Darwin would disagree as human and animal anatomy and behaviour are seen as similar. Debates that arise in biological research include the concept of determinism. This is shown in biological research as free will is often ignored and consequences are seen as beyond human control. Biological theories are reductionist as they attempt to explain human behaviour by breaking complex processes down into fundamental biological ones. This approach is criticised for focusing only on the nature side of the nature vs. nurture debate; it is believed that behaviour is innate and therefore environmental factors and cognitive mediating processes are ignored. Furthermore, the biological approach is nomothetic as the features that people have in common are investigated and general laws of behaviour are applied to groups. Empirical studies are mainly objective as they observe phenomena rather than focusing on subjective experiences, like behaviourists tend to do. Yet this is also a limitation as it is argued that biopsychologists dehumanise and neglect the importance of experiences. Humanistic psychologists argue that the subjective experience is important as we are motivated to achieve self-actualisation (Maslow, 1987). Practical applications of the biological approach have been useful and effective in society. Drug therapy has been developed in order to treat illnesses and disorders, such as schizophrenia. Anti-psychotic drugs include risperidone, clozapine and chlorpromazine. Atypical drugs, clozapine and risperidone, also treat negative symptoms of schizophrenia. For depression, drugs include Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) and Tricyclic anti-depressants. Bipolar disorder can be treated with Lithium Carbonate, which is toxic but, unlike the drugs for unipolar depression, they treat the manic phases of the disorder also. Where drug therapy may not work in specific cases, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used; as this involves inducing an electric shock on the patient’s brain this therapy can be seen as unethical, especially in cases where this treatment is given against a patient’s wishes. However, it is still used today and has proven to be effective. Drug therapy itself has been criticised for only prevention and not curing symptoms. Side effects, such as clozapine lowering the white blood count, and the long period it takes for an effect can both result in a lower adherence to this particular treatment so relapse is common. A problem arises when schizophrenic patients may discontinue use due to the side effects and long time to feel any effect. Invasive and non-invasive techniques are used to identify which brain areas may responsible for types of behaviour. Using invasive techniques, such as lesions and abrasions in brain surgery, biological psychologists have identified Broca’s area which controls the production of speech. In contrast, behaviourists tend to use cognitive-behavioural therapy for illnesses and disorders, such as depression, which has been found to be more effective than medication (Elkin et al, 1985). In conclusion, the biological approach has contributed a huge amount to how we explain human behaviour. There has been much empirical research and the applications have enabled individuals to live normal lives that they had previously not been able to. However it is more advisable to take an interactionist approach as the role of nurture must be considered where behaviour is concerned.

Change in Russia

The state of Russian individuals, particularly those of the working class, known as the proliferates, like the ranchers and the production line laborers were extremely woeful as contrasted with other European nations. It was principally because of the despotic legislature of the Czar Nicholas II who threatened these individuals step by step by his degenerate and abusive arrangements. The state of the plant specialists was woeful. They couldn't structure any exchange unions and political gatherings to express their grievance.They misused the specialists for their narrow minded finishes. Commonly these specialists completed not getting even the base settled wages. Their conditions were miserable to the point that they had not political rights or any trust of picking up any changes until the start of the Russian Revolution of 1917. The conditions in Russia after the upset were no superior to conditions some time recently. Deficiencies of nourishment and produced merchandise really expan ded as generation diminished.Laborer ranchers were compelled to offer their yields to the glistered under Linen's â€Å"war socialism† arrangement abandoning them with scarcely enough to survive. Workers soon lost motivation to develop more products or stored what they did develop. Workers who did this and were figured out were ousted, detained or executed. Mechanical yield really fell underneath the levels they had been at under the Tsar. Lenin distinguished this and expecting that the Russian individuals might rebel against him and the Bolsheviks, organized the New Economic Policy. It finished almost no assistance.Anybody voicing resistance or feedback of the way the Bolsheviks were running things was marked a counterrevolutionary and likewise banished, Imprisoned or executed. All things considered, the predicament of the workers and workers deteriorated. The Russians where experiencing, to a great degree of harsh times. For example, starvation, Issues In law enforcement an d requirements that the law hadn't met. A couple of capable Individuals saw this as a chance to seize power. They shaped the Soviet Union Intended to get once more on the world for what It had done to them.The union was structured not too long after World War II had begun. Their tradition became deceased, hence leaving Russia a communist country. The revolution had quite a few short term and long term effects. All of which Include, murder of the Czar and the royal family, along with Russia dropping out of World War 1 . A few long term effects were, Russia becoming the world's first communist country and thus the spread of communism. Not to mention Russia becoming a superpower. Change in Russia By drinkable likewise banished, imprisoned or executed.All things considered, the predicament of starvation, issues in law enforcement and requirements that the law hadn't met. A couple of capable individuals saw this as a chance to seize power. They shaped the Soviet Union intended to get onc e more on the world for what it had done to them. The union was structured not too long after World War II had begun. Their tradition quite a few short term and long term effects. All of which include, murder of the Czar and the royal family, along with Russia dropping out of World War 1. A few long term

Classroom Management debate Essay

Set of procedures the teacher uses in order to ensure the smooth and motivational interaction among learners. It also involves the e? cient use of audiovisual aids and other forms of realia and equipment. Critical points to consider: †¢Teacher Talking Time †¢Student Taking time †¢The use of L1 CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT https:// docs. google. com/open? id=0B5T z9DyyMdqCQjNZX0dkZkdvYmM Why is teacher talking time (TTT) important? ?Teacher talk = Organization of the classroom = Process of language acquisition. ?The quantity of TTT is important and so is the quality. A good balance should always be the target. Factors to be considered: Nunan (1995: 190) 1. The point in the lesson in which the talking occurs. 2. What prompts the teacher talk (planned or spontaneous) 3. The value of the talk as potentially useful for acquisition. Students Talking Time STT STT is the opportunity students have to talk in the classroom. Learners need to: †¢Attend to information †¢Volunteer original ideas †¢Ask relevant questions. †¢Work with other learners †¢Solve problems co-operatively. †¢Work independently in class or at home. STT is enhanced by: †¢Promoting a ‘listening culture’ in the classrooms. †¢Asking more challenging questions. †¢Being ready to accept unexpected answers †¢Allowing silences and time for thought †¢Planning and building in meaningfultasks to encourage productive talk †¢Encouraging students to ask questions, to initiate talk and to seek for meanings CONCLUSIONS THE USE OF L1 IN CLASS. 1. Facilitate teacher-student communication 2. Facilitate teacher-student rapport 3. Facilitate learning 4. Systematize comprehension of L2 structures Harbord, J. (1992) : ? The use of the mother tongue in the classroom in The ELT Journal, Vol. 46/4. IN CONCLUSION†¦ †¢There must be a balance in the TTT and the STT if teachers really want to achieve their objectives in class. †¢The use of L1 should be done taking into consideration students’ needsand environment. Nevertheless, it must be used e? ciently. †¢I think that†¦ ?   

Asking for Extensive Time Off by Employees Essay

Asking for Extensive Time Off by Employees - Essay Example to identify and implement required programs and policies in the organization providing equal employment opportunity, filling the current openings through interviews, training, resolving safety problems and providing benefits in wages and other increments. As a strategic human resource consultant for 1995 Auto Corporation based in Central Colorado, a company manufacturing emerging lighting systems for first responder vehicles, a HR policy needs to be put in place to resolve the issues of human resource and employee grievances need to be addressed with regard to extensive time off by employees and to develop a leave policy in consideration to employer and to extend harmonious relationship between employer and employees. R. Shaffer has been operating as the sole proprietor of 1995 Auto Corporation for 18 months and used the services of her family members to help her operate in the business, because of which she didn’t felt it important to apply for unemployment insurance, purchase a general liability insurance policy or workers compensation policy. However with increase in the business operations, the company opted for aggressive hiring strategy due to which the company now has 88 unionized and 22 non unionized employees. Despite the growth in business operations and employee strength, the company does not has dedicated human resource cell and the activities pertaining to HR are managed by Production Operations Manager who has limited knowledge with regard to HR policies, practice and regulation which over the time resulted in employee grievances. The present issue is concerned with extended time off from work by most of the employees and the owner expresses inability to sanction the same due to effects on productivity. However, it is not known whether the employees who requested for the extensive time off, are unionized or non-unionized. Every employer within US has to abide by the rules and regulations set in the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. The FMLA

Global Warming Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Warming - Assignment Example Carbon dioxide, though in very less quantity was also found to be very effective. This effect was later called Greenhouse Effect. It is a natural process that restricts the emitted energy from earth’s surface to go back into space. The solar energy is allowed to come in the atmosphere, but the re-emitted infrared energy from the earth’s surface is absorbed by the atmosphere instead. This process causes an increase in the atmospheric temperature and therefore, a cause for global warming. The gases that absorb the emitted energy are called the greenhouse gases. Human Involvement The emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere means reinforcement of the Greenhouse Effect. Following are the major greenhouse gases produced one way or the other by human involvement; Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide being the biggest contributor to Greenhouse Effect is produced by fossil fuel burning, biomass burning and a byproduct in industrial process; in particular cement production. It has a lifetime of 5 to 200 years and contributes 60 percent to global warming (Archer et al., 2009, p. 121). The industrial age has changed the natural cycle of our planet. Carbon dioxide levels are the highest recorded in 650,000 years (Gore, 2006, p. 67). This data for the last 650,000 years was taken by analyzing ice deposits in the Antarctic. Al Gore famously argued in â€Å"The Inconvenient Truth† that this data shows a striking relation between carbon dioxide level and global temperature. It shows a steep rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide since the industrial revolution. Fossil fuels are still the primary source of energy and carbon dioxide is a byproduct. At a global scale, our actions have contributed towards increasing level of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Methane Methane is... After going through the major contributing factors involved in global warming, the most compelling evidence point towards relation of atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature. The industrial revolution and development over the years was based on fossil fuel as the primary source of energy. It is used in almost all of our development processes and forms the backbone of modern development. We thought that our contributions can never affect our planet at such a large scale. Our contributions have certainly led to the highest level of carbon dioxide in 650,000 years. This reading is a proof that this deviation from normal cycles must be caused by an outside factor; the humans. The critics have taken an approach to explain this change in global temperature as part of natural cycles related to sun cycles and orbital variations. These are, however, not adequate in magnitude to disturb global temperature at an alarming rate. Our dependence on fossil fuel has caused fear in policy ma kers to find a suitable replacement in form of alternative energy or clean energy. Our economic system depends on fossil fuel as well and the infrastructure of our societies is based on it.

Leadership and Management Commitment Research Paper

Leadership and Management Commitment - Research Paper Example Without leadership and management commitment, the organization is destined to fail. Mannan and Lees (2005) highlights that some of the ways in which leadership and management commitment is demonstrated include providing safety a high profile, giving the organization managers safety goals, supporting organization managers whose main concern is safety as far as their decision making is concerned, operating an active audit system and take action in cases of deficiencies and incidents. Mannan and Lees (2005) argues that safety ought to be given a high profile and this can only be possible when various measures are put in place in addition to considering safety as the first item on the agenda of the organization’s meetings and also making sure that all the employees are informed of the actions taken by the management both in the initiation of, as well as in response to various safety matters. Burns (2002) argues that today’s organizational managers are generally aware of the significance of safety, including grave incident prevention. However; a great number of them are normally overwhelmed by the pressure to attain excellence in a number of key areas of performances within their organizations. Other than safety operations, their attentions as organizational leaders are normally focused on productivity, customer service, product quality and cost control. To complicate things further, these goals more often than not appear to be tension with each other, with organizational managers finding it difficult to improve performance in one particular area without adversely impacting on the others. It is therefore a workplace reality that dignified intentions by organizational managers are not enough to attain desired results within organization, and as a result managers ought to demonstrate effective leadership and

Health Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Health Information Systems - Essay Example Located at the northern end of the Stanford University campus in Palo Alto, California, Stanford Hospital & Clinics has been serving the humanity since the beginning of the 20th Century when Cooper Medical College was adopted as Stanford University's School of Medicine. As of now, the hospital provides advanced patient care and treatment related to a number of complex disorders related to Cardiac, Cancer, Neurosciences, Surgery, Organ transplants etc. The quality services being provided include basic primary care to advanced treatment and procedures. Working in close association with the Stanford University School of Medicine the hospital services are not just limited to practitioners but the medical student community too gets to know the practical aspects of medical treatment. This helps them in building a strong foundation for becoming good medical professionals. The hospital has more than 1900 medical staff together with 85o Nursing staff to take care of the customers. Thanks to t he continuous emphasis on quality care, Stanford Hospital & Clinics has been ranked 16 amongst America's Best Hospitals in a study carried out by U.S. News & World Report in the year 2008. MS office applications have made a deep impact on the way we function in our offices or deal with official matters. Stanford Hospital & Clinics is certainly no exception. ... The official wings in the hospital are mainly divided in two groups; The HR or Personnel Department: This department is mainly entrusted with maintaining the records of the staff and recruitments. Different types of MS office applications are used in this department. For example MS Word is primarily used on all computers for writing memos, reports, press releases, circulars, notices, publicity materials etc. MS Excess is used to maintain the database of the medical and support staff. This is a very useful tool for maintain the seniority and service records of an individual working for the Hospital. While preparing records of monthly salaries and other remunerations, MS Excel is the best tool. Calculating the salaries, adding perks, deducting taxes etc. require lot of calculations. If done manually, such calculations prove very cumbersome for the clerical staff and there are more chances of mistakes. But with the help of MS Excel the process become quite easy and there are far less chances of error. It also results in saving lot of man-hours and results in better efficiency for the staff. At times, doctors or some of the public relation professionals need to go out and attend some conferences. Therefore, they are in need of some facts and figures about the Stanford Hospital. The MS PowerPoint helps in preparing slides for such presentation. Similarly, the Departmental Head can also prepare his/her lecture for the students on the MS PowerPoint. This way the process of communication becomes quite effective and interactive and the points are well taken by the intended audience. The Record Keeping of Patients: The process of record keeping is very crucial for the reputation of the hospital. Such record keeping not only helps in better care for the patient, but

TET Offensive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

TET Offensive - Essay Example Johnson, upon assuming the Presidency after the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963, inherited not only Kennedy's social reform policies but also the United States' involvement in Vietnam. He had never wanted to become a 'war president'. His primary objective had been to ensure a legacy of a president who gave his country social reform policies and programs devoted to establishing the 'Great Society' and first three years saw him work almost exclusively towards achieving it.2 This solitary concentration cost him conscientiousness with regard to the Vietnam Conflict. During the first three years Johnson was responsible for establishing groundbreaking strides in the Civil Rights Movement, development of programs to provide training for the poor, such as Job Corps and VISTA, establishment of the Medicare/Medicaid Programs, and creation of educational enrichment programs for disadvantaged children such as Head Start, to name just a few3; Ironically, however, these programs which would come to become an intrinsic part of American society, is not what Johnson is remembered for. He as a President is responsible for leading the United States into the longest period of continuous armed battle in its history - The Vietnam Conflict. ... In simpler words, he underestimated the commitment and investment that were necessary for launching a sustained Vietnam Conflict.4 Although the TET offensive is hailed by many as the turning point of the war, its political ramifications were laid years earlier. During an address at John Hopkins University in 1965, LBJ stated "We fight because we must fight it [the Vietnam Conflict] if we are to live in a world where every country can shape its own destiny. And only in such a world will our own freedom be finally secure".5 In fact, the United States' entry into Vietnam was anything but altruistic in nature. America involved itself for purely political motives, and in Johnson's defense the events leading up to it did predate his presidency. However, he escalated the political stakes and ultimately lost. The war in Vietnam was not a war of major battle engagements, although at times there were some. Vietnam was more of guerrilla warfare. There were neither defined battle lines nor set plans. With the Vietcong's endless manpower supply, they were able; it seemed, to hold America, the 'super power' at bay indefinitely. By February of 1966 General Westmoreland asked for a significant increase in manpower. What had begun as several thousand American soldiers had by this time escalated to over 400,000 combatants in Vietnam with no end in sight.Johnson, at this point, began to see his folly. He was stuck. On one hand he had to finance an ever increasing international war and on the other, his domestic commitment to social reform program, the Great Society. With no scope to compromise, he was trying to balance between the American public's acceptance and his power to exert his will upon them. Although he had avowed

Advantage and diadvantage of Internet Banking Services and driving Essay

Advantage and diadvantage of Internet Banking Services and driving forces of its prosperity - Essay Example ent of the internet banking, there have been major changes and improvements in the overall banking experience and now customers can complete all transactions from the comfort of their homes (Cronin, 1997). With the current times, where almost everyone is so busy, this service is like a boon. Internet banking has grown with times and in the current times; this is regarded to be safe, secure and very beneficial to all. This system has enabled people to save a lot of time and allows the overall banking experience to be improved to a great extent. According to Comptroller’s Handbook (1999), â€Å"internet banking refers to systems that enable bank customers to access accounts and general information on bank products and services through personal computer†. Although the term is used on a daily basis, a number of people have not tried out the internet banking, for several reasons. There are a number of advantages and disadvantages of online banking and a number of factors that impact the overall growth of the concept (Shah & Clarke, 2009). This paper aims at discussing the advantages and disadvantages of internet banking and also aims at discussing the various factors that impact the performance and prosperity of the internet baking. The next section will detail the major advantages and disadvantages of online banking. Having understood a brief about internet banking, it is essential to gain a brief overview of the advantages of Internet banking. Firstly, the most important advantage of online baking is the convenience. Online banking permits people to transact from any place in the world and permits people to make transactions at their own convenient time and from the comfort of their own home. Hence the advent of internet banking has permitted users to handle their finances at anytime and from anywhere. Secondly, the internet banking is very time efficient and fast. Here the users can complete transactions at very high speeds and with almost no waiting (Cronin,

Bullying in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Bullying in America - Essay Example Generally, bullying is carried out by males which accounts for 80%. Although, there are not many studies about bullying in workplaces, their occurrence is apparent and the effects are damaging as well. Because of its prevalence, the government had discourage bullying in any form however there are no laws to deal against people who cause psychological and emotional violence in workplaces and in schools. Bullying should be stopped because it has many psychological, emotional, and social consequences on the person being bullied. Body Bullying occurs as a result of attitude and behavior problems. The personalities of people who bully have innate domineering and aggressive behavior which is believed to be connected with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). People afflicted with this disorder demonstrate impulsive behavior. They announce answers to the teacher’s question before it is completed, may interrupt, intrude and have difficulty in waiting for their turn. Others wh o carry out bullying do it with the belief of having fun without giving propensity of the consequences it may bring to the victim. This is because students who bully lack the foresight of their own actions and empathy to the feelings of their victims. Bullies are more concern of satisfying their needs of attention even to the extent of displaying an immature behavior. The occurrence of bullying activities among students could be inside the school premise or outside the school campus. Some forms of bullying are done inside the school bus or on the way home. This could be done during class hours inside the classroom or it could be carried out in the hallway. An example of bullying includes unnecessary touching of body parts followed with teasing and laughing. Another example is knocking another student down on the floor. Non physical contact involves staring, eye rolling, spreading malicious rumors, whispering to someone while in front of the person, and many other forms. Bullying res ults in psychological damages in several ways. It teaches the person being bullied to think that he/she is undesirable. The person’s self concept is negatively affected in which he/she will come to believe that she is less than desirable and incapable of doing things. The victim inculcates in his mind that his environment is dangerous but is powerless to defend himself. As a result, bullying tends to be repeated many times in which the person further learns helplessness giving more authoritative disposition of those who bully. This would be the beginning of losing interest in school. In cases where the student continues to attend school, his grades are likely to be affected since he may have poor concentration. His mind might be on plotting how to outsmart his bully classmates or how to get rid of them totally. Another effect of damaged self esteem to the bullied victim includes hopelessness and depression. The victim may have a hard time adjusting during difficult circumstan ces. This might explain an unanticipated finding that bullying is linked to suicidal thoughts of victims. This was revealed in the study of Hinduja (2010) where he found out that adolescents with traditional bullying

Management Health Care Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Management Health Care - Term Paper Example Introduction United States healthcare system is currently undergoing a transformation. The changes that are occurring in this industry are totally unprecedented and are responsible for the changed outlook of this industry. In the United States, healthcare services are fundamentally provided by separate legal entities belong to the private sector of the country. Government also lends it support to healthcare seekers in the form of government funded programs like Medicare, Medicaid, Tri-care, Child Health Insurance Program and Veteran Health Administration. In this industry, employers and health insurance agencies also play a vital role (Odier, 2010). Currently, in the United States a heated debate is going on over the issue of healthcare cost to the general public and its widespread availability at the time of need. These healthcare reforms seeks to address issues such as right to healthcare; access to health care for everyone; fairness of the healthcare service provider; and efficien cy with which health care services are administered to patients. ... Despite of huge investments in healthcare, it has been found that its infant mortality rate in USA is higher and life expectancy rate is less than any other industrialized nation. Recent industry data indicates that the country has gained little in returns against huge expenditures. Obesity, heart diseases and cancer has surged amongst American population. This signifies crisis in the healthcare industry (Dougherty and Conway, 2008). These above mentioned situations in the industry are heavily influencing the way the industry is shaping itself. Consequently, a heated debate is underway regarding the role of healthcare service providers and other stakeholders of this industry. Discussion The debate is over the current situation of health care industry in United States, these are administered from four separate perspectives which are elaborated below. Scenario 1: Business as Usual This scenario for health care management and development in United States stems from a business perspectiv e. Accordingly, this side of picture advocates that the health care strategy and its corresponding procedure is a product of health care market demand and supply drift and government intercession. A trend of aging has been witnessed in America with time in the American population progression; it has been found that the life expectancy of Americans has been increased by 20 years over the last 5 decades. The percentage of the total American population heading towards aging has also been increased with baby boomers generations’ senescence. This wide fraction of Americans has identified the growing segment of market which demands integrated health care systems and institutions (Shortell and Kaluzny, 2005). The cost of establishing a

Research Paper on Propaganda Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

On Propaganda - Research Paper Example This paper defines what propaganda is, illustrates this definition with some examples from the modern world, and explains how it works on different audiences. A typical reference book definition of propaganda is this: â€Å"Propaganda: Media that have the sole purpose to persuade people to support a particular religious or political cause.† (Mills: 2010, p. 134) This shows that propaganda can be in different forms, since media includes written and spoken messages, and also books, newspapers, radio, television and internet. It can take the form of factual reporting or fictional works. The important thing about propaganda is that it has a very clear and single purpose, which is to persuade people to think or act in a certain predetermined way. Persuasive texts are very common but not all of them are propaganda. The difference between propaganda and persuasion is that the propaganda text presents only one side, and assumes that this is the only acceptable point of view. Opposing ideas may be mentioned, but only in order to mock them or argue against them. Any information provided is selected to favor the main message. Other information is ignored or twisted to suit the purpose of the speaker or writer. Very often propaganda distorts facts, or deliberately cites erroneous material in order to distract the audience from forming a balanced opinion. A lawyer or a politician who argues a case will point out both sides of an argument and try to persuade the audience that one side is more believable and supportable than the other. This is not propaganda because it tries to be fair and uses reasonable argumentation. Propaganda is often used in political contexts. This is because politicians depend on the votes of an audience, and in election periods they work very hard to change people’s minds so that they become politically active, and choose one candidate over another. Slogans and posters serve to pinpoint key beliefs. Politicians sometimes resort to unfai r tactics such as inventing negative stories about their opponents or twisting facts to make themselves look good and other people look bad. A classic example of this kind of propaganda is the way that Nazi German politicians categorized Jewish citizens as â€Å"barbaric and subhuman† and blamed them falsely for all the bad things that were happening in Germany at the time. (Welch, 1995, p. 47) The propaganda was so powerful that it ultimately sanctioned the persecution of Jewish people, resulting in the ultimate horror of concentration as the example of Nazi racism, but nevertheless many of the same techniques are used. Insurance firms describe accidents and make people worry about their safety in order to make people invest in insurance policies. This is a negative type of propaganda, but many companies use propaganda in a positive way, in order to make the audience feel that they need and want something. This can be seen, for example, in television advertisements for Panas onic Blu Ray equipment. These show an idyllic family living room, and a cinematic style voiceover makes soothing recommendations to â€Å"Free Your HD† and uses the justifying argument â€Å"Because HD Freedom matters.†(Panasonic, 2011) The use of the abstract word â€Å"freedom† in the context of storage of video content is an exaggeration of the importance of such a device. The advertisement mimics political rhetoric and depicts a

Fidel Castro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fidel Castro - Essay Example Castro chose law as his field and entered the University of Havana for his degree in law. It was in this university that he became involved in politics. In 1947 he entered the group of Eduardo Chibas known as Partido Ortodoxo which was involved in the process of explaining the corruption that was prevalent in Cuba and it stress upon developing independence in Cuba from foreign intervention in the issues of the country particularly the involvement of the United States. Though Chibas was not successful in his mission and he shot himself because of his failure to win elections, Castro was inspired by him and worked on his principles. Castro got married in 1948 to Mirta Diaz Balart who belonged to a very rich family. Though, he received an exposure to the elite and political figures through this marriage but it did not prove to be a successful marriage and he separated from his wife in 1955. Castro completed his education in 1950 and started practicing law and at the same time became politically active. He had very high hopes of achievement in the upcoming elections and expected himself to be elected in the parliament in 1952. But events took a different turn when General Fulgencio Batista formed a coup against Carlos Prà ­o Socarrà ¡s who was the then ruling president and took over and suspended the upcoming elections. Batista was very influential. He legalized his actions with the United States with the help of his sources and started dictating the land of Cuba. Castro stopped his law practice and directed himself entirely towards politics. Fidel Castro and other members of the Partido Ortodoxo party who were looking forward to elections were disappointed with this action. This group revolted against the government by attacking Moncada Barracks on July 26 1953 but they were unsuccessful. Most of them were killed and Fidel Castro and his brother Raul Castro were given sentences of 15 years of imprisonment. Castro was released two years later only. Castro was

Implementation of a leadership development program Essay

Implementation of a leadership development program - Essay Example In this case, Baltimore Insurance is vast; hence, it constitutes a robust combination of workforce. This vast population will have an impact on the technique chosen, its success, and costs of implementation. Therefore, it may also be considerable to incorporate a combination of techniques to adapt to the changes in the chain of supervision. The vast composition of the Baltimore Insurance organization is an elemental aspect, which, constitute the issue in the course of establishing the technique to employ and implementation of the program. Further, it is notable that the Baltimore Insurance constitutes a workforce with mixed experience and skills. The changes in the organization are also elemental as incorporation of technical considerations and elements available to support the working of the supervisors influence the overall performance of the employees (Noe, 2013). Thus, the technique chosen ought to employ the consideration to the goals of the training such as the achieving of new skills and furthering of the old techniques to solve this arising issue. Workplace behavior and fair treatment devoid of discrimination and harassment are other considerations in the course of establishing the training technique to employ for Baltimore Insurance workforce (Wilson, 2006). Therefore, it may also prove useful to incorporate a combination of traditional training techniques to further the course of the organization and aid address the issue. Even with the present advances in technology, traditional training approaches remain key and remarkably effective in approaching implementation of new programs. Among the options to employ in presenting the program is the use of lectures. The lecture method entails an instructor-led session in which the trainees will congregate in a class setting and take lectures on the proposed program (Noe, 2013). Notably, the option entails using projector or whiteboard, PowerPoint presentations, and video options. The procedural

Maureen Down, Tea Obreht and Stephanie Elizondo Essay

Maureen Down, Tea Obreht and Stephanie Elizondo - Essay Example The third reading by Griest is set in Moscow, Beijing and Havana. These three places are defined by diversity of practices in relation to cultural and social aspects, all of which the author presents her experiences across the all the three places. In all the readings, the visits made by the writers are characterized by local customs practices, all of which are uniquely undertaken in every city highlighted in the readings. In other words, the three readings depict a lot of local customs, an outstanding similarity in all the three readings. Saudi Arabia is slowly opening its social and economic doors to the international world. Amid this progress, there are limitations that her social context has to overcome to allow this process. The Saudi Arabian society has previously observed locked tourism doors, but Maureen Dowd presents the new phase in Saudi Arabia in relation to tourism pursuits. In so doing, the persons to whom these doors are open are limited, and only highly knowledgeable fellows are welcome in Saudi Arabia. The most significant account that cannot fail to be captured in Saudi Arabia is misogyny. Being an Islamic state, Saudi Arabia has a notable disregard for women. In other words, they are inferior to men, and thus highly submissive. The cultural and social context of Saudi Arabia is characterized by enormous and rich local customs that are unique to every single social setting observed here. The dominant local custom is the position of women in the cultural, social, economic and political aspects. There are legal provisions that restrict women from engaging in certain activities that cut across the aforementioned aspects. Practices that women engage in are highly monitored, and any deviations from the norms are highly punishable. Maureen Dowd (55) quotes, â€Å"A Saudi woman can’t even report harassment by a man without having a mahram, or male guardian, by her side.† Amid the integration of international practices in the social cont ext of Saudi Arabia, this local custom remains uniquely observed, and few women, if not none are up to violate this custom. "Twilight of the vampires" by Tea Obreht presents an account of a vampire-like society, where there seems to be a hunt of undead real people. In a nutshell, the reading is an account of unfortunate events that befall Tea Obreht in daily quests and interests in life. The Serbia and Belgrade simultaneous happenings pose a bad omen to what the author, the mother, the grandmother and the journalist are supposed to partake. Amid the devil-like interventions that Tea Obreht experiences, the spirit to press on remains vibrant. The underlying dilemma in "Twilight of the vampires" provides an opportunity to note the customs and practices undertaken in the Balkans society. The most notable local custom in this environment is the one realized from Tea Obreht (19) quote, â€Å"Whereas garlic, holy water, and crucifixes are commonly accepted apotropaic across the Balkans, scissors under the bed are also popular, as is the black-handled knife buried in the doorstep to cleave incoming evil in half.† Cities highlighted in the "Twilight of the vampires" to practice this custom as a way of dealing with incoming devils or bad luck. Stephanie Elizondo Griest’s text is rich in cultural diversity. The text presents and

20th century poetry Essay Example for Free

20th century poetry Essay We have been giving to 20th century poems to examine. They are Evans by R. S Thomas and Death in Leamington by Sir John Betjeman. Both poems are about death, but in two very different situations. I will examine the poem Evans first of all. Evans was written by a man called R. S Thomas. He lived from 1913-2000. he was born in Cardiff. He became a clergyman and taught himself welsh so he could work with the people in the hills, because not many of them spoke English at this time. Evans is a 20th Century poem. The poem begins as if the writer is talking to somebody else. It looks like the other person has asked him something like, Do you remember a man Evans? and the writer replies, yes, many a time. The first verse of the poem describes Evans house. It talks about the bare stairs and the gaunt kitchen. We can depict from the first verse that Evans was a poor man, his house is not at all well furbished, and he doesnt have much to his name. Everything that Evans owns has a dull, dreary adjective attached to it, like stark farm and black kettle. His kitchen must be filthy because crickets can be heard. The last line of this verse tells us that he lives on a lone farm upon a hill. From this verse we have found out that this man is poor, lonely and doesnt really care much about what his house looks like. The 2nd verse tells us that something appals the speaker. He says that it isnt the darkness around him, which seems to fill his mouth and that it isnt the tree that the rain drips off. I think the tree is symbolism, because the speaker says, of rain like blood form that one tree, weather tortured. I think he is really describing Evans appearance. The speaker says that its the veins of Evans. He sees darkness in them, and that it is silting them. Silt is the thick sandy substance at the bottom of rivers. I think it means that the darkness is trapped in Evans veins and that it is slowly killing him. The writer says, I left stranded upon the vast and lonely shore of his bleak bed. The writer believes that he has failed is his job, which is to comfort the sick if they are going to die. The writer feels that he is inadequate and that he hasnt done what he wanted to. Again we see another dreary adjective attached to one of Evans possessions, his bleak bed. The word lonely is used again here. The writer wants to get the point across that Evans has no one, no family or friends to comfort him, that is why the writer feels so bad that he cant do this for him. This poem is about the bad way to die, all on your own and no one to comfort you. The next poem, Death in Leamington, is about the other way to pass on. Death in Leamington was written by Sir John Betjeman. Poets of his day liked to write poems making fun of the middle class people. The first verse tells us that someone has died, and that it is a woman. It has happened in the late evening. She has died in her bedroom. The room has a plate glass window, which means this place wherever she was staying must has been pretty well off. The second verse gives us a little more insight to the woman. She owned a crochet, which means she must have been quite old. It lay beside her bed, which means she cant have been too old because she was still able to walk. Again the writer tells us that she is dead.

Zaras Fast Fashion Essay Example for Free

Zaras Fast Fashion Essay Absrtact This paper was written for the purpose of researching and illustrating fast fashion strategies which include strategic integrated supply chain, manufacturing and sourcing methods. Fast fashion is explained as a system that involves more control over operations and customer â€Å"strategic behavior† by using the combined benefits of both the â€Å"quick response production capabilities† or â€Å"short production and distribution lead times†, which minimizes clearance items by finding more reasonable balances between supply and demand, and the â€Å"enhanced product design capabilities† or â€Å"highly fashionable product designs†, which plays homage to customer values. This paper also analyzes methods used by fast fashion leader, the Spanish, Inditex owned Zara. A closer look at Zara’s supply chain, market responsiveness, flexibility, technology, pricing and costs strategies and methods are examined and compared to other fast fashion retailers that can appropriately be deemed as competition for Zara. Also, globalization and other operational strategies are discussed that all come together to show the remarkable success of the Spanish company. When thinking of the term fast fashion, one may think of the change in fashion trends and how quickly certain styles can be deemed as in, and the next second, those same styles are no longer looked at as having any resemblance of being fashionable. That would be the definition of a trend or fad in itself; â€Å"an intense but short-lived fashion; craze† (Dictionary.com 2012) . However, â€Å"the phrase ‘fast fashion’ refers to low-cost clothing collections that mimic current luxury fashion trends† (Joy, Sherry, Venkatesh, Wang, Chan, 2012) . It is a system that enables young, trendy customers to quickly attain and keep up with the ever changing latest fashions and trends from the runway, celebrity styles and other trendy inspirations for reasonable prices. Fast fashion is a system that involves more control over customer â€Å"strategic behavior† by using the combined benefits of both the â€Å"quick response production capabilities† or â€Å"short production and distribution lead times†, which minimizes clearance items by finding more reasonable balances between supply and demand, and the â€Å"enhanced product design capabilities† or â€Å"highly fashionable product designs†, which plays homage to customer values, which in-turn persuades customers to purchase full priced items rather than shopping around or waiting for items to go on-sale (Cachon Swinney, 2011, p. 778) . Globalization, Manufacturing and Sourcing Strategies for Fast Fashion Firms According to Mihm (2010) , supply chain, market responsiveness, flexibility, technology, pricing and labor costs are all factors in globalization and manufacturing and sourcing strategies. For instance, firms that are mainly involved with outsourcing and other third parties have less control of their supply chain and hands control to those third parties. On the other hand, firms that predominantly sell their own brands and designs are generally more vertically integrated and have minimal involvement with third parties. These firms can have control over all aspects of their supply chain and are also capable of controlling their sourcing. Fast fashion firms are generally vertically integrated. Mihm (2010) also states that â€Å"fast fashion and market responsiveness seem to be inseparable† and stresses the importance of supplying correct quantities in order to support demand for each individual store. In terms of fast fashion, market responsiveness refers to the speed of respond ing to consumer demand and accurately distributing and supplying appropriate quantities and styles in each store at the right times (p. 56) . Firms can achieve this by research and development (R D), technology, and forecasting. R D normally is in charge of coming up with new products and innovations and an alternative to research is â€Å"imitation† or copying outside products and ideas (Meredith Shafer, 2010) . The imitations strategy is one that mirrors the strategies of fast fashion firms in that ideas and designs for new merchandise often come from runway designs, celebrity fashions and customer input and ideas. Furthermore, fast fashion firms often allow individual stores and locations to have control over store merchandise by using a pull system rather than a push system. The pull system uses the just-in-time (JIT) concept mentioned by Meredith Shafer (2010) . The JIT system lowers lead times and merchandise orders by allowing quick and instant deliveries of exact order quantities, which eradicates having over stock and the need for â€Å"safety stocks† (p. 258) . With many fast fashion firms implementing major globalization initiatives, technology is a key factor in communication, efficient logistics, and business success. Information technology (IT) systems provide the ability to collect and share important information, such as trends, orders, â€Å"production and shipping data†, using constant transfer and communication throughout the entire supply chain. IT systems help mitigate â€Å"real-time† communication from consumers to store managers to market specialists and designers, to suppliers and to manufacturing and production facilities, then to distributors, and back to stores and the customers (Mihm, 2010, p. 56) . Moreover, IT systems product lifecycle management (PLM) software, and sourcing programs can keep track of all sourcing and development activities and are designed to react to and handle change and conflict, which helps with flexible suppliers and positively effects production. These technologies speeds up production time, placing communication and processes in real time and allows an ease to the supply chain (Speer, 2006) . Mihm (2010) states that firms in the fashion industry use a technology known as computer-aided design (CAD), which includes laser cutting machines and automated sewing machines that ultimately â€Å"eliminates wasted fabric† and cuts production time; allowing companies to be more efficient by saving time and money. Another way fast fashion firms make use of flexibility â€Å"also includes changes in the construction and coloring processes used to make garments.† â€Å"For example, garments are often dyed after they are constructed thus allowing the manufacturer to produce the best selling colors quickly† (Mihm, 2010, p. 56) . Furthermore, â€Å"improved logistical programs including air freight and expedited customs clearance for imports also fall within the technology factor.† Many fast fashion companies are leaning towards globalization and have highly vertically integrated supply chains and therefore provide their own world-wide souring, and manage their own design, manufacturing, and logistics models. â€Å"All of these influences have dramatically changed the way the apparel business operates in the age of globalization, making the fashion industry appear borderless† (Mihm, 2010, p. 56) . Mihm (2010) states that â€Å"lower labor costs are a major contributing factor to fast fashion since cutting, sewing and fitting are labor intensive, and are integral parts in constructing need high levels of education† and therefore do not require salary or high wages. For example, in China, labor rates are only around 60 cents per hour. â€Å"Additionally, capital equipment costs are very low, making it easy to open an apparel plant almost anywhere† (p. 56) . Along with lower labor costs, it is also important to manage labor times to further mi nimize labor costs and increase efficiency and profitability (Desai, Nasar, Chertow, 2012, pp. 71- 72) . Lastly, a major factor influencing fast fashion and fast fashion retail strategies has to do with keeping merchandise prices at least moderately low. Mihm (2010) mentions that a key factor in keeping prices low is by maintaining low labor costs (p. 56) . Additionally, Desai et al. (2012) discusses the impacts and importance of maintaining control over all costs including; production, materials, labor, transportation, manufacturing and overhead and other costs. Maintaining control over all costs is essential to efficiency, maintaining low product costs and business success. However, many items that may be considered basic and require less production costs, and labor costs and time may still be sold for premium price points do to customer perceived value and brand value (pp. 64-72) . All about Zara Zara, the Spanish fast-fashion retailer belonging to â€Å"Inditex, one of the world’s largest distribution groups†, is one of the leading international fashion companies in the world (Zara, 2012). In 1975, Chairman and founder of Inditex, Amancio Ortega, opened the first Zara shop in Spain and he came up with a philosophy for business success which states, â€Å"‘you need to have five fingers touching the factory and five touching the customer’† (Ferdows, Lewis, Machuca, 2004, p. 106). The philosophy can be said to be the basis for Zara’s business model and retail strategy that successfully runs a fully vertically integrated supply chain by vertically integrating all features of the sourcing and manufacturing process (Mihm, 2010) including, design, production, distribution and sales. By providing constant information about consumer’s demands and desires, customer actions and feedback are the soul of the Zara model (Inditex, 2012), whi ch ultimately allows the company to maintain control of its products from the design stage until the customer purchase stage. Zara has taken retail globalization by storm and now has 1,721 stores all in prime locations in great cities spread across eighty-seven countries. A Closer Look into the Zara Model Because Zara has full control over its supply chain, their sourcing strategy differs from the strategies normally used by companies in the industry (Mihm, 2010). For instance, Zara purchases many of its fabrics and other supplies from Inditex owned companies. The company also owns its own manufacturing and production facilities, which allows the majority of profits stay within Zara and the Inditex group; it also boosts overall company flexibility and allows the full control over the supply chain system that would otherwise be unattainable if the firm did not embody the fast fashion method and mainly outsourced to third parties (Ferdows, 2004, p. 109) . Moreover, only basic items like T-shirts and common woolens are out sourced to, or bought from, manufactures in low- cost areas like Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe (Capell, 2008); the rest of Zara’s products, which are more fashion sensitive, are designed by the 300 in-house designers and are manufactured in Zara manufacturing facilities. â€Å"All finished products pass through the five-story, 500,000-square-meter distribution center in La Corufia, which ships approximately 2.5 million items per week† (Ferdows, 2004, p. 109). Furthermore, Zara production facilities maintain stock piles of neutral fabrics that can be dyed, printed on, or altered for the purpose of speed and convenience to help mitigate design and production times (Mihm, 2010). In terms of production and labor times and costs, Zara has the ability to easily adjust production to the change in demand. The company is able to do this because many of their facilities are highly innovated and specialized, and normally run one single shift per day (Ferdows, 2004, p.109) . It seems that Zara operates its manufacturing facilities using a combination of transformation systems to maximize efficiency. For instance, job shops would be used for smaller facilities that produce more basic and/or custom items. Cellular production systems, that also utilizes JIT, would largely be used for a fast fashion firm like Zara because the system allows the facility to reduce production time and costs, reduce labor time and costs and increase flexibility and market responsiveness and minimizes waste and excess stock. For instance, Meredith Shafer (2010) state that the advantages of cellular production include; reduced setup times, increased equipment capacity that results in lower eq uipment and maintenance costs, and increased floor space. The system also allows increased efficiency to produce small batches of varieties, which ultimately increases flexibility to respond to customer demand, reduces over stock and excess inventory that can take up space, and minimizes lead times and increases throughput times, which improves forecasting and market responsiveness and enhances revenues. Other advantages include greater operational control, lower overall costs and an exclusivity value sense from customers that discourages purchase postponement (pp. 71-72) . Furthermore, like other fast fashion firms, Zara utilizes innovation and IT systems to communicate information through every part of the organization. These IT communication systems are especially important to Zara because their products go from the design stage to store shelves in as little as two weeks. To make this happen, store managers record selling trends, determine customer desires and quickly sends the information to the design headquarters where ideas, innovations and designs for new fashions are created and more appropriate forecasting can be made. The speed and this system automatically gives â€Å"Zara a competitive advantage† (Capell, 2008) . Competition and Competitive Advantage The term competitive advantage refers to any factor that will give a firm a lead on its competitors. This can mean anything ranging from new innovations, ideas and products, costs and pricing, locations and market share, to marketing and operational strategies, and so on. Zara is recognized as being a leader in the fast fashion retail industry and has steam rolled ahead of competitors such as Gap, Express, Uniqlo, and H M. Compared to its competitors, Zara is completely vertically integrated and uses sophisticated IT communication systems for constant and speedy communication, whereas competitors are less involved in ease of communication and still heavily outsource to third parties, which significantly reduces their control over process, time and quality (Desai, 2012 ). This is where Zara gains their biggest competitive advantages, which are speed, quality and customer value. Customer value is a huge advantage for Zara wherein the receive customer support, repeat, satisfied custome rs, and increase revenue. The fact that Zara often produces trends at super speeds, even before they show up in luxury shops, induces Zara as an innovative firm which further attracts â€Å"early adopters† who desire the freshest looks and don’t mind paying higher prices for items that they may value as exclusive (Meredith Shafer, 2010, pp. 14-15). Additionally, Inditex and Zara factory workers are paid more that the industry average (Capell, 2008) . Also, with the smaller quantities of vast varieties of the freshest trends, Zara gains â€Å"85% of the full ticket price on its retail clothing, while the industry average is 60% to 70%.† Because of this, Zara is also able to gain â€Å"higher net margins on sales than its competitors†. For instance, in 2001, Inditexs net margin was 10.5%, Benettons was only 7%, HMs was 9.5%, and Gaps near zero (Ferdows, 2004, p. 106) . Conclusion and Recommendations Overall, Zara is the perfect example for fast fashion retailing. The company truly has taken a step forward in strategies for successful operations, management, globalization and supplying and selling the latest trends at lightning fast speeds with minimal costs and wastes. The only negative that I find with Zara is with their pricing strategy in nations outside of Spain. According to Kumar Linguri (2006) , Zara is considered a low-cost retailer, whereas in countries such as the US, Japan and Mexico, Zara is considered more of a luxury retailer due to pricing differences (p. 82) . Even though pricing differences are based on individual country economics, there still should not be such a disparity in pricing and perceived value between countries. One final suggestion is for Inditex to consider investing in opening distribution centers and/or manufacturing facilities in other market areas to continue the speed in supply chain and lead times in all markets throughout the world. References Capell, K. (2008). Zara Thrives By Breaking All the Rules. Businessweek, (4104), 066. Cachon, G. P., Swinney, R. (2011). The Value of Fast Fashion: Quick Response, Enhanced Design, and Strategic Consumer Behavior. Management Science, 57(4), 778-795. Desai, A., Nassar, N., Chertow, M. (2012). American Seams: An Exploration of Hybrid Fast Fashion and Domestic Manufacturing Models in Relocalised Apparel Production. Journal Of Corporate Citizenship, (45), 53-78. Dictionary.com. (2012). Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fad Ferdows, K., Lewis, M.A., Machuca, J.A.D. (November 2004). Rapid-fire fulfillment. Harvard Business Review, 82(11), 104-110 Inditex. (2012). Investors. Retrieved from http://www.inditex.com/en Joy, A., Sherry Jr, J.F., Venkatesh, A., Wang, J., Chan, R. (2012). Fast fashion, sustainability, and the ethical appeal of luxury brands. Fashion Theory: The Journal of Dress, Body Culture, 16(3), 273-295. doi:10.2752/175174112X13340749707123 Meredith, J.R., Shafer, S. M., (2010). Operations management for mbas, 4. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Mihm, B., (2010). Fast fashion in a flat world: Gl obal Sourcing Strategies. International Business Economics Research Journal, 9(6), 55-63 Speer, J. K., (2006). Top 5 sourcing strategies. Apparel Magazine , 47(12), 32-35. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.limcollege.edu:2357/ehost/detail?sid=4b23db26-6002-4704-9709-23540fa18525%40sessionmgr111vid=1hid=127bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=bthAN=22112593 Zara. (2012). Investors. Retrieved from http://www.zara.com

Evolution Of Management Theory

Evolution Of Management Theory Management has existed throughout the time of man. Management throughout the passing of time has evolved and segregated into different theories however the end game, remains the same that is to achieve a certain goal while working together as a team. There are various definitions to the term management. Lawrence Appely defines management as Management is the development of people and not the direction of things, management is personnel; administration (Agarwal, 2010, p.4). Whereas William Spreigel terms it as Management is that function of an enterprise which concerns itself with the direction and control of the various activities to attain the business objectives. Management is essentially an executive function; it deals particularly with the active direction of the human effort. (Agarwal, 2010, p.4). Management is the integrating force in all organized activity. The verb manage comes from the Italian maneggiare (to handle especially tools), which in turn derives from the Latin manus (hand). The French word mesnagement (later mà ©nagement) influenced the development in meaning of the English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries. (www.wikipedia.com. 2012. Management. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management. [Accessed 13 December 12].) Management has been put to use throughout the history of mankind. Management like thought has been seen right from the building of the pyramids to emperor Ashoka conquering all of India or bharat as it was and still is known. Management is extremely important in the functioning of any task, or organisation in order for it to be successful. If there is a fault in the management it can lead to failure of the task or improper functioning of the company. It is difficult to trace the exact origins of management but one can see its evolution throughout time. In chronological order the very first piece of evidence of management theory can be seen in Chanakyas Arthashashtra, followed by Sun Tzus The Art of War, followed by Niccolà ² Machiavellis The Prince, followed by Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nations. The 19th century later gave rise to classical economists such as and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873 Adam Smith (1723-1790). These economists provided an academic background on resource-allocati on, production and pricing issues. Alternatively, visionaries like James Watt (1736-1819), Matthew Boulton (1728-1809) Eli Whitney (1765-1825), and developed fundamentals of procedural assembly such as standardization, quality-control procedures, cost-accounting, inter-changeability of parts, and work-planning. The first complete principles of management appeared around the year 1920. The Concept of Corporation (published in 1949) a well-known book that was written by Peter Drucker (1909-2005) was one of the earliest books on applied management. Science of management written by Henry R Towne was published in the 1890s, The Principles of Scientific Management conceptualized by Frederick Winslow Taylor was published in the year 1911, Applied motion study was published in the year 1917, which was written by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.J. Duncan wrote the first college management textbook in 1911. Yoichi Ueno was the first person to introduce taylorism to Japan in 1912 and he became the first management consultant of the Japanese-management style. Ichiro Ueno, his son pioneered Japanese quality assurance. As one can see from the above examples we know that management has been influenced by various disciplines such as economics, political science, psychology, anthropology and even literature. Earlier management theories aimed at getting to know these newcomers of the industrial life at the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth century in Europe and the United States. THE CLASSICLAL OR UNIVERSAL SCHOOL The oldest form of the school of management of thought is the classical school. It dates, back to the twentieth century. The classical or universal thought deals with how to manage work organisations more effectively. There are three areas of management that can be classified under the classical school or universal school of thought. They are as follows- 1. Scientific management 2. Bureaucratic management 3. Administrative management The beliefs of the classical or universal school of thought- Fredrick Taylor was the founder of the classical school of thought. Earlier, the body of the classical school of thought implied that employees, have only psychical and economical needs, and that the concept of job-satisfaction was in fact alien to it. This school advocates high specialization of labour, centralized decision making, and profit maximization. The basic components compounded by Taylor for the scientific management school are as follows- Determination of standards of performance. Functional foremanship Responsibilities of management. Differential piecework of system of wage payment Mental revolution. Henri Fayol, and Max Weber are exceptional contributors of Classical School of management thought who made great contribution and laid the grounds for contemporary management. THE BEHAVIOURAL OR HUMAN RELATION SCHOOL The Hawthorne plant of Western Electric Company conducted experiments by Mayo,Roethlisberger and others for the first time on the human aspects of organizations in the 1930s. This approach had previously been ignored by the classical theorists. This school is dubbed as neo-classical as it follows the academic form of classical theory and emphasises the human element of management as a counterpoint in contrast to the impersonality of classical theory. These experiments led to the development of new premises. These premises were the motivation to work; morale and productivity are related to the social conditions among the workers and the supervisor, and not to the psychical conditions at work. Considerable contributions made by Kurt Lewin, Chris Argyris,Rensis Likert ,and Douglas McGregor have helped shaped this school for being whatever it is today. Abraham Maslow a renowned psychologist developed a very widely recognised hierarchy of needs. This is now known as Maslows hierarchy of needs. This is a concept of motivation based on the needs of every human being. His concept had three assumptions. They are- The needs of a human being are never truly satisfied. Human behaviour is purposeful and is motivated by the need for satisfaction. The needs of a human being can be classified according to a hierarchical structure of importance, from the lowest to highest. The above three premises prove that human beings need a motivation in order to get the job done. This theory has been highly useful for managers in order to help motivate their employees. THE MANAGEMENT SCIENCE OR QUANTITATIVE SCHOOL Mathematicians, physicists, and scientists came together in order to solve the problems caused by World War II. The key feature of this school is its use of mathematics and statistics to help in determining production and operation problems. This approach helps in solving technical rather than human behaviour problems. It comprises a diverse team of experts from whatever fields the problem being attacked calls for. The team members then analyse the problem and then make a mathematical representation of it. Therefore they would change some aspects of the equation to see what would happen in the real world. The most important contributions of management science are in the areas of operations management and production management. (Duening, 2003) THE CONTENGENCY/SITUATIONAL OR ALL DEPENDS SCHOOL The contingency school was birthed in the 1970s. As the very name suggests this school of thought is based on possibility. In this approach managers deal with each problem differently based on the situation and its belief lies in evaluating many options to solve one problem. This theory recognises that there is no one best way to design organisations and manage them. It weighs down the variables and then decides based on the varying factors as to what would be the best solution. This approach is highly dependent on the judgement of the manager in any given situation. It focuses on the inter-relationships within and among the subsystems as well as between the organisation and its environment. (Agarwal, 2010) For example-when taco bell asked itself what would ensure its success, they revamped their business based on the simple philosophies of customers value food, provision, and the aesthetic appeal of the restaurant. Taco bell then hired new managers who would ensure that their philosophies were put into action thereby ensuring their success. (Anon., n.d.) THE SYSTEM SCHOOL The system school of thought sees the organization as one whole purposeful and united body rather than seeing it in its different parts and pieces. Its early contributors include Lawerence J.Henderson,W.G.Scott, Daniel Katz, J.D Thompson, etc. This approach helps the managers to look at the broader picture. This school conveys to us that every single action done by any section of the company affects the other segments of the company in varying degrees. In this school managers make their decisions only after they have weighed down each and every single option as to if that decision has been taken, how it will affect the company. The managers cannot function based on their department alone; they must take the whole company into account. In order for them to run smoothly they must be in constant touch with the other departments of the company as well, so that they can base their decisions accordingly. CONCLUSION Management as one has seen above is under constant development. It always has more room for change for its own betterment. It has existed since time immemorial. The schools of thought are simply the different approaches that are used by any person, or organisation in order for it to achieve its goals. In this document there are 5 schools of thought that have been explained. They are the classical school, the human relations school, , the management science school, the contingency theory school. They are summarized as follows- The classical school- the classical school consist of three theories, namely. Scientific management, Bureaucratic management and Administrative management. The major purposes of the school were to develop the basic principles that could guide the design, creation and maintenance of large organisations and to identify the basic functions of managing organizations. (Duening, 2003) The behavioural school or human relation school- this school takes on a managerial approach as to how the role of people affects the success of the organisation. It also emphasises the structure of the organisation and work environment affects their behaviour and performance.it simply states that if the employees are kept in a good working environment then their productivity will increase, which in turn will lead to successful operations of the company. (Duening, 2003) The management science or quantitative school- this school gives us a mathematical representation of the problems that are faced. Therefore when one changes one of the factors in the equation one can anticipate what the result would be in the real world. Important contributions that were made were in the areas of production management and operations management. The contingency /situational or all depends school- this theory implies that every situation that a management faces is unique therefore it is left up to the managers discretion as to how h/she chooses to deal with it. This requires the manager to have a great deal of experience and good judgement. It also states that there is no one best way to deal with a problem. Instead it asserts the need to understand different problems and how to deal with them differently. The system school- the system school saw the organisation as a whole instead of dividing it into bits and pieces. This helped keep in mind the larger picture and that was the achievement of the companys goals rather than those of the individual departments.