Consumer Behaviour Reporr Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Consumer Behaviour Reporr - Assignment Example Qantas is one of best long distance airlines in Australia that has consistently provided satisfying services to its customers. The company provides both local and international flights to its target customers across the world. The ability of the company to succeed comes from its strong strategy that is based on its efficiency in determining customer behavior and striving to satisfy them. Operating in a friendly business environment has worked well with the organizational strategy. The essay evaluates the Qantas environment and seeks to establish the role it plays in influencing the performance of the company. The external business environment includes all factors that do not fall under the direct influence of the organization. These factors have a significant impact on the way businesses operate and the ability of organizations to establish themselves in the market. IN principle, organizations must adapt to external business factors to promote their business. A PEST model will be employed to analyze the external environment in which Qantas Airlines operates. Australia is one of the countries that have the most attractive political factors for business investment. The Australian federal government provides investors with the incentives to invest by reducing their tax and reducing any barriers in entry. All investors are expected to pay 22% tax to the government which is fair in this country (Weller, 2013). The Airlines industry is one of the industries that the government deregulated and investors have a chance to optimize their profits. However, the growth of this industry is likely to attract the government attention, leading to more regulation. In addition, stabilization of the Australian government has motivated local investor to venture into business, and there seem to be a risk for increase in business competition (Homsombat, Lei & Fu, 2014). Economic development in Australia is one of the factors that have led to the growth on the bubble

Ways in which Music Copyrights are exploited Essay

Ways in which Music Copyrights are exploited - Essay Example Ways in which Music Copyrights are exploited Music began its long relationship with copyrights through the Berne Convention 1886 which established that the moral right of ownership of a property had an effect on the reproduction of a property. This was extended to film through referring to it as a series of pictures in 1911 and in the Copyright Act of 1956 and then in the UK Performers; Protection Acts 1958-1972 began to solve the problems associated with copying protected intellectual property. The Americans would not sign on to the Berne Convention 1886. However, copyright is established as a right under the Constitution which supports a general belief in the concept of ownership. All subsequent American laws are developed from this foundation of law in their Constitution. Emerging sources of income in the early 20th century in the music industry were defined by performance, mechanical, and synchronized income. Performance income is based upon the revenue that is earned through users who create a public performance of the wor k that generates benefit. Performance rights are managed through entities that hold and can allow a performance to be licensed for a fee. Mechanical income comes from users who are reproducing a piece of music through technology of some kind. When other types of media utilize a song, then synchronization income is generated (Gammons 2010: 50). The MCPS (Mechanical Copyright Protection Society) takes on the role of responsibility to administer licensed music. Through the use of a blanket license, the user is permitted use through a variety of forms of mechanical reproduction (Parker 2004: 78). The development of technologies in the 1960s created even more ways in which synchronization could be used to create multiple levels of income. While the film industry had become a well tapped resource for income as music was used liberally in movies, the television industry as it became more and more of a staple offered the music industry a

An IPO for Twitter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

An IPO for Twitter - Essay Example An IPO is an acronym that stands for Initial Public Offering which refers to the first sale of stocks by a privately owned company to the public. IPO’s are often used by younger and smaller companies to expand their business but are also used by privately owned large companies to become publicly traded (Investopedia, 2911). When Twitter makes the decision to go public along with their new commercial accounts and advertisement programs, it is best for Twitter to use an auction – based IPO to acquire and bring more profit to the company. Auction – based IPOs utilize the internet to open the bidding of their stocks to interested investors. In order to underwrite the IPO, Twitter will need an investment bank. This would cost less compared to the traditional IPO underwriting process. A road show would be provided to educate investors about the company’s offerings and the company itself. Additionally, this type of IPO is beneficial for Twitter because auction â €“ based IPOs open the bidding of their stock through the internet allowing a larger set of investors to participate. Lastly, and most importantly, Twitter would have a share price closer to the market value as opposed to the share price in traditional IPO; this would mean there will be a higher return of profit for Twitter (Kadam, 2009). While in the traditional IPO, Twitter would designate a specific investment bank to underwrite the IPO. ... The true market value would be discounted from what Twitter and the investment bank came up with because this acts as the investment bank’s commission from Twitter. For this reason, Twitter would have a lower cost on the auction – based IPO for the underwriting process. After identifying the number of shares that can be offered and the share price of the IPO. In the same way as an auction – based IPO, a road show would be given to the investors to educate them about the offering and about the company itself. Once the road show is completed, shares are then allocated to investors. The advantage of using a traditional IPO is stocks are much higher than the initial price when the trading begins (eSSORTMENT, 2011). There are disadvantages with these types of IPOs. In an auction – based IPO, it would cost them less capital if the company and the investment bank overestimate the value of the stock. If this occurs, the company would not meet their target capital, which translates in a shortage of funds for the company’s expansion. Also, there would be less return of investments for investors because the share price in this form of IPO is close to the market value allowing the profits to flow in the company’s favor (eSSORTMENT, 2011). Another example of a risk in using the auction – based IPO is when the system gets hit by a virus after opening the stocks for bidding to the interested investors. This occurrence would violate the state and federal security laws of the investors. This obstacle can really happen because the opening of the shares is through the use of the internet making it very possible to get hit by the said virus (Hildreth, n.d.). The disadvantage in a traditional IPO is investment banks take

Factors Associated With Work Satisfaction of Registered Nurses Assignment

Factors Associated With Work Satisfaction of Registered Nurses - Assignment Example The authors have taken special efforts to document the most recent studies in the literature review. The literature review consists of recent references. As the article was published in 2006, it can be observed that of the 49 sources used in the article 42 belong to the last 10 years (from 1996-2006) whereas 19 of them are from the last five years (from 2001-2005). Certain contradictions in the findings of the literature such as the relationship between distributive justice and work satisfaction have also been pointed out. However, the researchers have failed to provide a detailed description of the previous studies. Even though the researchers have referenced the major findings conducted by the previous researchers in the literature review, details such as the research designs, methods, and samplings have not been included in the literature review. A considerable number of authors have been cited in the literature; however, the readers fail to grasp the nature and depth of the resea rches undertaken by them. However, it can be seen that the researchers have concisely summarized their review of the literature to reveal what is known and what is unknown regarding RNs’ work satisfaction. The lack of theoretical framework and differences in demographic characteristics has also been taken into account. Framework/Theoretical Perspective Critically analyzing the article it can be observed that no framework (theoretical model or theory) is explicitly expressed by the researchers in the introduction or the literature review.... on many factors (for instance, the relationship between distributive justice and work satisfaction) has contributed to the significance of this paper. Literature Review The authors have taken special efforts to document the most recent studies in the literature review. The literature review consists of recent references. As the article was published in 2006, it can be observed that of the 49 sources used in the article 42 belong to the last 10 years (from 1996-2006) whereas 19 of them are from the last five years (from 2001-2005). Certain contradictions in the findings of the literature such as the relationship between distributive justice and work satisfaction have also been pointed out. However, the researchers have failed to provide a detailed description of the previous studies. Even though the researchers have referenced the major findings conducted by the previous researchers in the literature review, details such as the research designs, methods, and samplings have not been in cluded in the literature review. A considerable number of authors have been cited in the literature; however, the readers fail to grasp the nature and depth of the researches undertaken by them. However, it can be seen that the researchers have concisely summarized their review of the literature to reveal what is known and what is unknown regarding RNs’ work satisfaction. The lack of theoretical framework and differences in demographic characteristics has also been taken into account. Framework/Theoretical Perspective Critically analyzing the article it can be observed that no framework (theoretical model or theory) is explicitly expressed by the researchers in the introduction or the literature review. However, the authors make it clear that their research is based on a theoretical

Benefits of STEM Programmes

Benefits of STEM Programmes Lamar Linton S.T.E.M STEM instruction is dynamic, and spotlights on an understudy focused learning condition. Substitutes take part in addressing, critical thinking, cooperation, and hands-on exercises while they address genuine issues. In STEM training, instructors work as classroom facilitators. They control understudies through the critical thinking procedure and plan extends that prompt to an authority of substance and STEM capability. STEM-capable understudies can answer complex inquiries, global research issues, and create solutions for difficulties and right issues while applying the meticulousness of science, innovation, building, and arithmetic substance in a consistent manner. STEM-capable understudies are sensible masterminds, powerful communicators and are innovative, experimentally, and scientifically proficient it is likely that each occupation in the 21st Century will require some ability in science, innovation, designing, and math. The reconciliation of design and innovation into the arithmetic and science educational programs will make guideline more enormous and engaging. It will likewise furnish understudies with the abilities that are fundamental to accomplishment in the 21st Century. STEM is a vital part in elevating our understudies to be prepared for school, profession, and life. We are instructing understudies that will contend with the world for jobs. There is no all around the endless supply of STEM. Specialists do concur, in any case, that STEM laborers utilize their insight into science, innovation, designing, or math to attempt to see how the world functions and to tackle issues. Their work regularly includes the utilization of PCs and different devices. STEM occupations are distinguished in an assortment of ways. This article utilizes a rundown in light of the Standard Occupational Classification Manual to examine trades from six gatherings, including PC and arithmetic; design and building; and life, physical, and sociologies. Healthcare occupations are rejected from this examination since they are portrayed in a different article in this issue of the Quarterly. STEM fields are firmly related and expand on each other. For instance, math gives the establishment to material science and material science, like this, to engineer. Designers can apply their insight into material science to make cutting edge gadgets that are helpful for testing hypotheses in material science. Progresses in material science may then prompt to propel in designing and innovation. To better comprehend STEM, a concise depiction of each field takes after. Science specialists concentrate the physical and ordinary world through perception and experimentation. Science is a focal point to translate the world, says (Herrick, n.d.), a volcanologist at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC. My occupation is to grow information. Science laborers can likewise educate open arrangement, for example, by giving information as far as possible on the utilization of poisonous chemicals. The work of researchers frequently includes looking into, composing recommendations and academic papers, and showing discoveries. Science experts gather tests, direct trials, and do different errands to help researchers in those endeavors. Laborers depend on the sound technique to dispassionately test speculations and hypotheses. The correct procedure requires repeatable investigations that deliver unsurprising and perceptible information. At the point when the information coordinates a hypothesis expectations, the examination bolsters that theory. Speculations with the most steady proof are embraced however may keep on evolving, because new confirmation. Teachers in science are sorted in light of the piece of the universe they examine space sciences, earth sciences, life sciences, science, and material science. For instance, the life sciences concentrate the living scene, for example, plants or the human body; disciplines incorporate nature, hereditary qualities, neuroscience, pathology, and sustenance. Innovation Technology specialists utilize science and designing to make and investigate PC and data frameworks. For instance, some tech laborers create programming applications and construct and keep up PC systems and databases. STEM Output Innovation work interfaces individuals, making all types of correspondence including business exchanges, video sharing, and portable perusing speedier and less costly. The work frequently includes outlining, testing, keeping up, and enhancing PC programming, equipment, frameworks, and systems. Have you considered how regularly we encounter STEM in our lives? Science is our current world-sun, moon, and stars grounds and seas climate, catastrophic events, the differing qualities of nature, creatures expensive, little, microbial plants and sustenance the fuel that warms our homes and powers transportation. The rundown is practically unending. In this day and age, innovation implies PCs and cell phones, yet it backpedals to TV, radio, magnifying lens, broadcast, telescopes, the compass, and even the main wheel. Yes, designing outlines structures, streets, and scaffolds, yet it likewise handles todays difficulties of transportation, an unnatural weather change and condition amicable machi nes, apparatuses, and frameworks. We just need to glance around to perceive what upgrades to our lives and our homes have been built in the most recent decade alone. We experience arithmetic at the market, the bank, on tax documents, in managing ventures and the family spending plan. Each and every other STEM field relies on upon science. STEM is vital because it plagues each part of our lives. How about we consider how STEM impacts what is nearest and dearest to us our kids. STEM is their future the innovative age in which they live, their best profession choices, and their key to intelligent decisions. U.S Departments stand on STEM In 2009, the United States Department of Labor recorded the ten most needed workers. Eight of those workers were ones with degrees in the STEM fields bookkeeping, software engineering, electrical building, mechanical designing, data sciences and frameworks, PC building, structural designing, and financial matters and back. (Labor, 2009) As indicated by the U. S. Bureau of Commerce, STEM occupations are developing at 17%, while others are developing at 9.8%. Social insurance specialists with partner degrees to specialists of prescription will healthy 20% more in lifetime income than associates with comparable levels in non-medicinal services. A look at 2010 beginning pay rates for designers with $47,145 for structural architects to $60,054 for synthetic specialists is solid proof that STEM-related employments can be fiscally remunerating professions for our kids. (Commerce, 2010) Whether you realize it or not, S.T.E.M. is part of your day to day life. I cant put it any more eloquently than Rosalind Franklin, the English chemist who made contributions to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal, and graphite. You look at science or at least talk of it as some sort of demoralizing invention of man, something apart from real life, and which must be cautiously guarded and kept separate from everyday existence. But science and everyday life cannot and should not be separated. Science, for me, gives a partial explanation of life. In so far as it goes, it is based on fact, experience and experimentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In my view, all that is necessary for faith is the belief that by doing our best we shall come nearer to success and that success in our aims (the improvement of the lot of mankind, present and future) is worth attaining. (Franklin, 2016) Science instruction has been a disputable subject among bosses and schools for a considerable length of time. Managers are asking for more STEM graduates yet the schools cant stay aware of the rising interest. Unemployment rates keep on going up while positions in the science, innovation, and building fields have stayed open and unfulfilled. STEM training is fundamental to the position of the United States on the planet standings in STEM research and outline. As of now 3 of the 5 beat positions in STEM research are held by Asian nations and tragically the United States doesnt fall in the main 10 for the rundown. There was at one time a period when the United States drove the world in STEM inquire about, however circumstances are different and now the United States is trailing numerous different nations in logical advancement. Numerous U.S. natives are unconscious of the present condition of the STEM instruction framework and they frequently boast about statuses that the united States do not hold anymore. Teachers and organizations are collaborating to build STEM enthusiasm for school-matured youngsters and youths. It is their trust that their endeavors will expand the measure of secondary school graduates entering degree looking for projects in the STEM fields. A few endeavors are sketched out in this paper alongside their victories and disappointments. The interest for STEM graduates is amazing, yet with just six percent of secondary school graduates entering and finishing four year certifications in the STEM handle, the request is not being met. Benefits of STEM According to the U. S. Labor Department, the 10 fastest growing occupations) from 2008-2018, and their median wages are Biomedical engineers, $77,400 Network systems and data communications analysts, $71,100 Home health aides, $20,460 Personal and home care aides, $19,180 Financial examiners, $70,930 Medical scientists, except epidemiologists, $72,590 Physician assistants, $81,230 Skin care specialists, $28,730 Biochemists and biophysicists, $82,840 Athletic trainers, $39,640 (Labor, 2009) Look at other countries, and there are a lot of other countries that have done a better job with STEM subjects at the educational policy level. STEM should be more of a priority, but things are changing. The last two presidential administrations have made it STEM a priority, which is not true for administrations in the past, James Brown, executive director of STEM Education Coalition, told FoxNews.com. Education laws change slowly, and change goes both upwards from local school districts up to state and federal government and downwards to people like principals and superintendents. Brown said that working for STEM Education Coalition a large nonprofit affiliated with more than 500 member organizations that aims to lobby for increased governmental awareness and support for STEM education has given him a front-row seat to the continued movement to effect change in schools nationwide. He added that STEM is integral to giving students an edge in the economy upon graduating high school and college. The economy is changing with an emphasis on technology skills across all sectors. The emphasis now is that not all STEM jobs require four-year degrees. When I was growing up, you had what were called blue collar jobs, now you have technicians who need to be highly skilled in tech. You need people who can repair MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) machines, or work on electric cars, Brown said. You now need technicians who need to have really hard STEM skills. Thats a skill set that will be growing over the next five years, it will be more in demand, and giving students the foundation for those kinds of careers starts in school. (Mastroianni, 2015). STEM can have diverse intending to various individuals. STEM in advanced education is relatively direct. An understudy enlisted in a STEM related program, other than educator training, is in a remain solitary STEM field. For instance, if an understudy is majoring sub-atomic science, they will enter the STEM workforce as a researcher. They could be presented to innovation, designing or arithmetic that particularly relates to their field. However, chances are they will be uncovered somehow shape or frame. In this manner, coordination regarding STEM might happen; nonetheless, it must be noted they are inside a STEM field. This is not the situation with instructor training. Consider a High School Science Teacher that just shows science, however, does not coordinate innovation, building or math into their educational programs or that dont team up with other STEM staff. In spite of the fact that this instructor is in a STEM field the way that they dont coordinate or work together makes them only a science educator, not a STEM teacher. This valid with all instructors with the STEM field who show k-12 training. A few commentators stress that more science and innovation implies less writing and craftsmanship. Alternately that understudies creative impulses are being smothered, others worry about a lot of screen time particularly for more active children and about compounding an advanced partition between understudies from low-pay homes and their more productive associates. STEM supporters counter that quality STEM programs depend on all the customary school branches of knowledge, and that STEM urges understudies to think more innovatively than in conventional classrooms since substitutes are regularly making something amid the day. With respect to screen time, a few teachers in the STEM schools we went by voiced a comparable concern and said they were finding a way to test gadget utilization. In the interim, the government, establishments and organizations have given huge entireties of money and innovation to schools in an offer to address the tech separate Conclusion Better arrangement of science (STEM) programs, instructional practices, and understudy backings is required in foundations to address the issues of the populaces they serve. Programming and approaches that address the atmosphere of STEM divisions and classrooms, the accessibility of instructional backings and true STEM encounters, and the usage of powerful showing rehearses together can help understudies conquer key obstructions to winning a STEM degree, including time to degree and the cost of a STEM degree. References Franklin, R. (2016). Brainhacker. Retrieved from https://brainhac.kr/2016/08/why-stem-is-important-for-young-and-old Herrick, J. (n.d.). Labor, U. S. (2009). Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/ Mastroianni, B. (2015, June 29). FOX NEWS. Retrieved from Biology. the U.S. Department of Health Human Services. (n.d.). Stop Bulling. Retrieved from https://www.stopbullying.gov/

The Evaluation And Invention Of Social Work Social Work Essay

The Evaluation And Invention Of Social Work Social Work Essay This short study takes up the evaluation and assessment of two social work intervention theories, namely the Task Centred Approach and the Crisis Intervention Method, with special regard to their implications and applications for social work practice. Social workers, in the course of their practice, are often called upon to help people in coping and dealing with different types of difficulties in their lives. Human beings face situations of crisis at one time or the other during their lives (Roberts, 2000, p 11). The crisis theory postulates that the occurrence of crises is normal to life. Such crisis situations can occur suddenly, like family illnesses or a loss of jobs, or be unpredictable, like entering school or growing older (Roberts, 2000, p 11). Individuals attempt to cope with crises with their available mechanisms, but face problems when such mechanisms do not work or when earlier unresolved crises get reactivated. Social workers are often called upon to intervene with individuals and help them in coping with their crises (Roberts, 2000, p 11). The task-centred approach is a progressive and goal-orientated method for social work practice. It constitutes a practice-based approach that is built on research and is being used in a diverse settings and circumstances (Nash, et al, 2005, p 33).  It represents a social work method wherein clients are assisted in carrying out problem reducing tasks within specific time periods. It is structured, problem focused and time-restricted and is being increasingly used in contemporary social service interventions (Nash, et al, 2005, p 33). Crisis intervention is often grouped together with the task centred approach. Malcolm Payne (1991, p 4) sees significant common ground between crises intervention and task centred approaches to social work practice. Both methods focus on problem solving, deal with brief interventions and are related to learning theory. This essay takes up the examination and assessment of these two theories, with especial regard to their communalities, their differences and their relevance for social work practice. Due regard is given to the implications of anti-oppressive practice. 2. Crisis Intervention Theory The crisis theory states that it is important for people to resolve their crises situations and experiences in order to cope with new developments and crises (Aguilera, 1998, p 47). If individuals are unable to resolve their earlier crises, they become more vulnerable to inability to resolve new crises. Individuals who learn new skills to resolve their crises are on the other hand strengthened in coping with future crisis situations (Aguilera, 1998, p 47). Human beings have considerable capacities for handling or dealing with difficult situations. It is only when such difficulties assume significant proportions and people do not have appropriate resources, personal, emotional, social, spiritual or physical, to deal appropriately with stressful circumstances or events that they become involved in crises. Difficult or stressful events do not by themselves result in crisis situations (Aguilera, 1998, p 47). Crises are actually determined by the responses of individuals to specific stres sful circumstances or events and their responses to them. Crises develop only when individuals perceive specific events to be significant and threatening, try to handle such events with their usual coping strategies without success, and are not able to use other alternatives (Aguilera, 1998, p 47). Behavioural and psychological experts perceive crises to be akin to states of psychological disequilibrium. Individuals experiencing crises are likely to experience a range of emotions like feelings of apprehension, anxiety, fear, guilt and helplessness (Nash, et al, 2005, p 37). Other indicators include alterations in eating and sleeping patterns, activity and energy levels and ability to concentrate. People in crises are also commonly known to suffer from depression and withdraw from social intervention (Nash, et al, 2005, p 37). Social work experts argue that whilst the majority of crises run their course or reach some semblance of stability within one or two months, it is necessary for skilled intervention to take place to strengthen the coping mechanisms of individuals. The failure to do so will result in the existence and continuance of crisis associated behaviours, even as the opportunity for change will be forgone (Nash, et al, 2005, p 37). People in crisis often have little by way of solutions and are receptive to external help and assistance (Roberts, 2000, p 19). The provisioning of skilled intervention by social work practitioners during the occurrence of the crises can result in opportunities for individuals experiencing crisis to learn new skills, achieve beneficial behavioural change, and regain stability. Individuals who have been able to successfully cope with crises are strengthened by such experiences and can use their skills in future times of difficulty (Roberts, 2000, p 19). Crisis intervention is essentially a professional response that is limited in terms of time and is used to assist individuals, families, and groups (Hepworth, et al, 2002, p 83). Social workers aim to assess the openness of individuals experiencing crises to learning of new skills and mechanisms for coping. They also help individuals in reducing their feelings of helplessness, isolation, and distress and use social resources to help in restoring individuals to their prior functional levels, as soon as practically possible (Hepworth, et al, 2002, p 83). Such social work intervention is done through listening, validation, acceptance, normalisation, reassurance, education, advocacy and brokering resources (Nash, et al, 2005, p 38). Crisis intervention can be specifically segregated into 7 stages, namely (a) establishment of communication and development of feelings with individuals that circumstances can become better, (b) assessment of situation, (c) exploration of available strengths and resources, (d) goal setting with the use of such strengths and resources, (e) implementation of plan, teaching of new skills and mobilisation of other support if required, (f) evaluation and adjustment of the plan and (g) follow up and termination of relationship (Hepworth, et al, 2002, p 83). It is important for social workers to be skilled in crisis intervention because of the constant demand upon them for helping people in crisis situations (Roberts, 2000, p 19). Social workers are liable to encounter clients with diverse needs, which may in turn require research, strategic planning and the providing of individualised person centred support (Roberts, 2000, p 19). The nature of crisis intervention work also calls for confidentiality and emotional separation in order to deliver services in a professional manner (Roberts, 2000, p 19). 3. Task Centred Approach The task centred approach emerged in response to the slow and inadequate results that were being achieved through traditional casework methods (Reid, 1997, p 134). Traditional casework methods in social work were felt to be of limited use because of their resource intensive nature, their lack of focus, and their ambiguous outcomes, which were difficult to assess and quantify (Reid, 1997, p 134). Reid and Shyne engaged in extensive study in the late 1960s to explore alternate approaches to casework and developed the task centred approach for social work practice, which called for limited but intensely focused intervention periods. The approach was essentially client oriented and required the social worker to act as a facilitator (Reid, 1997, p 134). With the task centred approach helping clients to improve their difficulties quickly, the process was soon adopted for replication and development in the United Kingdom (Reid, 1997, p 134). Studies on the task centred approach revealed that unfocused help, as was provided by the psycho-social approach and the case study method, over long periods, resulted in reduction of hope and self confidence on the part of the client (Nash, et al, 2005, p 42). It also resulted in negative dependency and unnecessary attachments to specific organisations or particular social workers (Nash, et al, 2005, p 42). It was also seen that the setting of time limits for achievement of specific outcomes helped in building expectations of the possibility of rapid change and enhanced participant energy and motivation (Nash, et al, 2005, p 42). Whilst the task centred approach proved to be practically beneficial for clients and also served, reduce and optimise utilisation of limited social work resources, it also facilitated a shift towards the person centred approach, the negation of the assumption of the professional being the only source of expertise, and helped in achievement of greater empowerment and reduction of oppression (Naleppa Reid, 1998, p 63). The task centred approach calls for attention to be paid to social and external issues that affect individuals rather than on perceiving individuals and their psychological histories to be the main cause of their difficulties (Naleppa Reid, 1998, p 63). The task centred approach involves a structured method wherein the social worker firstly assists the service user in articulating the problems in the ways perceived by service users (Hepworth, et al, 2002, p 87). The social workers subsequently helps the service user to detail and breakdown the problems, taking care to redefine them wherever necessary and helping the service user to locate important areas for action (Hepworth, et al, 2002, p 87). The social worker finally motivates the service user to categorise and prioritise his or her individual problem in line with his or her perceptions (Naleppa Reid, 1998, p 63). The social worker and service user thereafter work in partnership to (a) specify and identify outcomes, (b) agree to contracts and (c) review and assess progress. Social workers who use the task centred approach should be able to positively engage service users and instil trust and confidence (Hepworth, et al, 2002, p 87). Commonalities in Task Centred and Crisis Intervention Approaches Task centred approaches and crisis intervention methods appear to merge well in both theory and practice (Watson, et al, 2002, p 96). Social work research indicates that the use of these methods have proved to be effective with a wide range of clients. Both theories emerged in response to the apparently ineffective outcomes of case work approaches that were grounded in psychodynamic theory (Watson, et al, 2002, p 96). Both methods additionally focus on brief and short term interventions. They are connected to learning theory and based upon problem solving ideas (Watson, et al, 2002, p 96). Both these approaches call upon social workers to engage in participative and joint activity with service users, first to assess and analyse problems and their causes and then take action to deal with such problems (Sandoval, 2002, p 63). The application of these methods thus calls for the use of the person centred theory, the need to place the service user at the centre of the issue and the urgency of viewing the issue from his or her perspective (Sandoval, 2002, p 63). Social workers need to be very good listeners in order to be able to locate the real issues that are troubling service users and thereafter be able to help them with measures to tackle their difficulties (Sandoval, 2002, p 63). Like other social work methods, the task centred approach does have its limitations. It is in the first instance predicated upon the rationality of service users and their willingness to work with social workers (Nash, et al, 2005, p 53). It is also difficult to apply it without appropriate agency support. Despite such limitations the two approaches continue to be very useful, especially because of their instrumentality in increasing empowerment and their integral anti-oppressive approach (Nash, et al, 2005, p 53). The methods increase the abilities of service users through the inculcation of new skills and allow them to deal, not just with their current situations but with future circumstances of difficulty and oppression (Nash, et al, 2005, p 53). Conclusions Social work practice is influenced by many factors that require the taking account of the perspectives of service users, social workers, agencies and society. The approach of individual workers is bound to be influenced by numerous factors that can leave them confused and looking for guidance in their task of assisting service users in difficulties. The task centred approach and the crisis intervention theory provide useful tools to service users to assess the true conditions of service users, participate with them in structured, time bound and joint resolution of problems and empower them to face and overcome oppression. Social workers do however need to understand the implications of these theories and refrain from labeling their actions in all difficult situations to be task centred or critical intervention in nature. The true understanding of the potential and use of these theories will help them significantly in their practice scenarios.

English Views of the Native Americans :: essays papers

English Views of the Native Americans After reading chapter three of Unger's American Issues, I now have a better understanding of how English settlers looked upon the lifestyles of the Native Americans. Four key people that have led to this understanding are Hugh Jones, Hugh Henry Brackenridge, William Penn, and John Heckewelder. In their essay's they give accurate accounts of how the Native Americans lived, through their eyes. I also see how European beliefs reflected their views and how this set the stage for conflict among these groups. In Hugh Jones' essay titled, "Characteristics of the Indians," he basically gives a factual account of how the Indians live their daily life. Although his account is mostly factual, his European biases do play a major role in his interpretation of Indian ways. In one instance, in describing the Indians rejoicing and war dances, Jones says that they used, "the most antick [sic] gestures, in the most frightful dress, with a hideous noise" (Unger, p. 43). To Jones and other Englishmen their dress may seem frightful and the noise may sound hideous, but that is his opinion. To the Indians this is normal and a way of life. This just shows the white man's ignorance to the culture of the Native Americans. In a second instance Jones's describes the Indians in their "finest dress." He states that the Indians believe they are looking their best when they are ridiculously dressed. Once again he is giving his opinion of the definition of what is considered ridiculous to the English. Jones also pokes fun at many of the traditions of the Indians, for example, the way they wear their hair or the painting on their faces. He notes this as being comical and also uses sarcasm in portraying these traditions. Jones' essay provides many useful facts about the Indian way of life, but his European biases prevent him from disclosing the actual truth. Hugh Henry Brackenridge has a very opposing view towards the Indians. Jones never really gives his personal opinion on whether or not he liked the Indians, but Brackenridge make his view very clear. He makes this apparent in the title of his essay, "The Indians Have No Exclusive Claim to America." Brackenridge supports this notion with many references to the Bible. He states that "The whole of this earth was given to man, and all descendants of Adam have a right to share it equally" (Brackenridge, in Unger, p.