Hero With A Thousand Faces - 1555 Words

Anyone can be a hero, no matter where they come from, they could be your neighbor or be in the next town over, in another state or even in another country. Luis Gonzalez, born and raised in a small farm in Jalisco Mexico was eighteen years old when his own personal hero journey began. A â€Å"Heroes Journey† is a seventeen stage itinerary divided into three segments listed in order; Departure, Initiation and Return. These stages consist of what the hero in the story will do in their journey according to Joseph Campbell’s book, Hero with a Thousand Faces. The first of the seventeen steps is called â€Å"The Call to Adventure† according to Campbell it â€Å" is the beginning of a big change, often by accident.† When Luis was eighteen he got his results back from the university of Guadalajara in Jalisco Mexico saying that he wasn t admitted into the university Luis decided to go America to work and come back after a year and try again to get into the universi ty. The second step in the first segment; Departure is the â€Å"Refusal of the Call† where according to Campbells book, Hero with a Thousand Faces the â€Å"Hero will refuse the adventure at first and become imprisoned, be it physically or psychologically,† Luis had many doubts about starting a new life in the United States he was scared that he couldn t pick up the english language quick enough affecting his ability to find a job and paying for bills. Luis wasn t to comfortable to leave everything and everyone he knew behind and start allShow MoreRelatedThe Hero With A Thousand Faces1540 Words   |  7 PagesCampbell â€Å"The Hero With A Thousand Faces† and The Movie â€Å"Alien† A hero is â€Å"a man (or occasionally a woman) of superhuman strength, courage, or ability, favored by the gods.† Based on this quote, found on â€Å"The Oxford English Dictionary Online,† one can assume that the hero would be a man based on the terms that are used. People often associate a man as being the almighty power in a situation. They are referred to as the hero. One does not often find a movie about superheroes with the hero being a womanRead MoreThe Hero With A Thousand Faces796 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1949, Joseph Campbell published his book â€Å"The Hero with a Thousand Faces.† It details his theory of the â€Å"monomyth,† a theory that illustrates how many heroic mythological stories have similar outlines and archetypes. During his discussion of the second chapter of the monomyth, Campbell says that the monomyth can â€Å"serve as a general pattern for men and women† in their everyday lives (121). In many circumstances, comparisons can be made between normal situations throughout life and the monomythRead MoreThe Hero With A Thousand Faces1284 Words   |  6 Pages Analysis of Beowulf In his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces, first published in 1949, esteemed American mythologist Joseph Campbell outlines the fundamental structure every archetypal hero follows during his or her journey in the world of mythologies. Campbell coined the term â€Å"monomyth to describe the stories that follow this structure. The monomythic cycle, commonly referred to as The Hero s Journey, is divided into three primary sections known as the Departure, Fulfillment, and ReturnRead MoreThe Hero With A Thousand Faces1524 Words   |  7 PagesRevised Draft A hero is â€Å"a man (or occasionally a woman) of superhuman strength, courage, or ability, favored by the gods.† Based on this quote, found on â€Å"The Oxford English Dictionary Online,† one can assume that the hero would be a man based on the terms that are used. People often associate a man as being the almighty power in a situation. They are referred to as the hero. One does not often find a movie about superheroes with the hero being a woman. Gender should not define who is the betterRead MoreThe Hero With A Thousand Faces1328 Words   |  6 PagesCooper Clarke English 4 – Period 2 Mr. McQueary 8/22/14 The Hero with a Thousand Faces Prologue – The Monomyth Myth and Dream Myths are universal and transcendent through time; many ancient myths are seen recreated in modern times. The author uses Oedipus as a way of comparing myth to psychology. Dreams have also played a major role in civilization; the people who could interpret dreams can understand and create myths. â€Å"Dream is the personalized myth† (19). Tragedy and Comedy People have alwaysRead MoreThe Hero With A Thousand Faces2252 Words   |  10 Pagestheory of the monomyth, all the myths that have withstood the test of time for thousands of years are based on a similar foundation. This foundation is explored in his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces where he describes the theory in this quote â€Å"A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on hisRead MoreThe Hero with One Thousand Faces by Joseph Campbell1447 Words   |  6 Pagesyoung innocent character who embarks on a journey and becomes a hero, known as The Hero’s Journey; a series of steps that all heroes follow. This journey not only shows the main character becoming a hero but also shows the hero move along a path similar to that of adolescence, the path between childhood and maturity. The Hero’s Journey was created by a man by the name of Joseph Campbell. He wrote a book called The Hero with One Thousand Faces, a novel containing a variety of stories that follow the stepsRead MoreThe Cultural Values And The Archetypal Patterns Of The Novel Hero With A Thousand Faces 1331 Words   |  6 Pageson a pedestal, unlike their deception during the Late Middle Ages after the advent of chivalry and courtly love. On that note, Sir Gawain and Beowulf both reflect the cultural values and the archetypal patterns found in Joseph Campbell’s Hero with a Thousand Faces which are expressed throughout their communities. Even though some of the values such as valor and loyalty carried over from one time period to another, the two cultures experienced a paradigm shift from the way fighting was conducted allRead MoreTo What Extent Did the Book Hero with a Thousand Faces Influence the Sci-Fi Fantasy Film Genre, Specifically George Lucas’s Star Wars Trilogy?4143 Words   |  17 PagesIntroduction A hero goes forth from his familiar life into a world of the supernatural; difficulties are encountered which the hero conquers; and he returns home to celebrate with his friends. You may think you know what sci-fi/fantasy movie I’m talking about. But what I was actually describing is the book Hero With a Thousand Faces by Joseph Campbell. Because when it comes down to it, almost all sci-fi and fantasy movies follow the same basic pattern, the â€Å"Monomyth† described in Campbell’s bookRead MoreThe Hobbit, Or There And Back Again Essay1423 Words   |  6 Pagesor final battle followed by their return. Amongst the greatest and most authoritative pieces of literature written in the 20th century is Joseph Campbell’s The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Both the ideals and concepts within The Hero with a Thousand Faces are being used, and have been used, in the art of storytelling for thousands of years. The specific concepts Joseph Campbell lays out within the text is a dissection of the many common themes which the vast majority of stories, the heroic tale

Is Equality for All a Realistic and Desirable Aim Within...

Equality exists in many contexts. It can exist in the political level; individuals have the same rights under the law. It can exist in a social level, between categories of people, for example gender, or race. It can even exist on an individual level, as to how each person is treated. Equality cannot be confined to simply equal opportunities for all; for an equal and fair process is still equality. An equal and fair result is also equality. At each of the different level, equality shifts from being realistic or being desirable, sometimes both, or sometimes neither. Modern societies often take for granted that social quality is desirable. Democratic values mean people from all backgrounds should be given an equal say to affect decisions in†¦show more content†¦Hence one could argue that a certain degree of equality has been reached. The same case can be made for racial tolerance. In the 19th Century wherein America was rife with racial discrimination against the Afro-Americans, there was strong opposition to even a mere suggestion of equality between ‘blacks and ‘whites. In modern American, one can hardly see any signs of the touchy issue that tore the nation into two in the past. In both these cases, education over a long period of time is a clear factor; people gradually accept change. From known examples like Sri Lanka and Rwanda, where ethnic conflict is rampant, it is not realistic to expect change through imposing equality onto people through state policies. However, what the previous two examples have shown is that too a certain degree it is realistic to aim for equality, given amply time to change the mindsets of the people. How long would have to depend on the extent some mentalities are rooted in people. But just how equal are those two examples. In a sense they too do not reflect equality properly. For example, there is still a slight degree, not of discrimination, but of expectations accorded to the genders. In some companies, they prefer men because women have to be allowed to take paid maternity leave, or least they might choose to leave the company in order to take care of children,Show MoreRelatedIslam a Way of Life1159 Words   |  5 Pagesprinciples and teachings can provide realistic, fair and objective solutions to the prevention of individual, familial, social and international problems which are threatening the existence of human communities throughout the world. People think that an Islamic life is restrictive. Islam however, was revealed as a balanced way of living. Allah (swt) created all the humans with what is called A Fitrah (a natural state/desire).Islam recognizes that within this Fitrah there are motivations thatRead MoreAssignment 031 Essay3623 Words   |  15 Pagespoverty on outcomes and life chances for children and young people One of the Five outcomes of the Every child matters framework states that ‘every child should achieve wealth and economic well-being’. This means it is important to make sure that all children experiencing poverty have the same opportunities as any child their age. As a setting we have an important role in supporting families to access the help they need from outside agencies to support them and guide them towards reducing povertyRead MoreGender And Race And Ethnicity Effect Participation2120 Words   |  9 Pagesencouragement to participate in sport through gender labelling of physical activities. These disadvantages for women in sport lead to the development of Title IX – a chapter of the 1964 education amendment to stop gender barriers. Leading to today’s society, over 5% of all women in college now play intercollegiate sports, proving that gender stereotypes have decreased over time (Coakley, 2003). The media have also created a positive outlook on women as an encouragement for them to be more active and involvedRead MorePositive Body Image Essay1991 Words   |  8 Pagesimportant factor to maintain, not only for the physical wellbeing of a person but also because it can determine the mental state and wellbeing of a person. Primarily us women are more subject to maintain and acquiring a â€Å"body† that can be acceptable in society. Women are subjected to social injustice on a daily basis about their bodies and what their ideal body should be. Such an â€Å"ideal† body can include almost impossible proportions and weight goals. Ideal body propor tions, weight and features are demonstratedRead MoreRise of the Middle Class2436 Words   |  10 Pagesclass, lived ever more wretchedly. The intellectuals and artists of the age had to deal in some way with the upheavals in society, the obvious inequities of abundance for a few and squalor for many, and, emanating from the throne of Queen Victoria (1837–1901), an emphasis on public rectitude and moral propriety. The Victorian era was the great age of the English novel—realistic, thickly plotted, crowded with characters, and long. It was the ideal form to describe contemporary life and to entertainRead MoreRecruitment Process of Pia and Shaheen Air Lines9410 Words   |  38 Pages.. 20 Foreword by People In Aid The ability to attract and select the best people for the work that needs to be done is critical to the overall success of all organisations and no more so than in the International Non Governmental Sector (INGO). Recruitment and selection is governed by legal compliance frameworks in most locations that aim to protect against discrimination and unfair treatment. But designing a high quality recruitment and selection process that meets the needs of the organisationRead MoreEssay on Tda 3.2 Assignment Schools as Organisations9471 Words   |  38 Pagesprinciples: †¢ Good relationships will give children emotional security. †¢ Provision needs to be inclusive reflect/meet the needs of all children irrespective of their background or ability. †¢ Providers work closely with parents/carers to form a 2-way flow of information. †¢ Play is vital for the children’s learning well-being. All children aged 3-4 years in England are entitled to 12.5hrs per week over 38weeks per year of free early learning. The government funds this everyRead MoreRule Of Law And Development10265 Words   |  42 Pagesimplicates the downward situation of development, especially from the human rights perspective. This paper will analyze the sources, nature and elements of rule of law as well as development and scrutinize the nexus between these two. In light of realistic experiences around the world, this paper will try to find whether the implementation of rule of law practically substantiates the goals of sustainable development. At the same time, the situation of Bangladesh as well as the possible way outs willRead MoreRecruitment and Selection - HRM4324 Words   |  18 Pagesprocesses are vital in attracting and retaining high quality staff (Marterel2005). This statement supports the argument that recruitment and selection is the main activity within human resources. Recruitment and selection are a set of activities and processes that are used to select qualified individuals for open vacancies within an organisation. Recruitment is the process of attracting individuals for vacant posts; the selection process measures these individuals and finds the best candidates to fulfilRead MoreThe Bachelor And The Construction And Destruction Of The Fantasy Romance3051 Words   |  13 Pagesoutcome does not materialize. I am interested in how reality TV construct and destructs the fantasy romance. Being the worst feminist nightmare, how can viewers who identify themselves as modern independent individuals that possess values of gender equality enjoy such shows at ease? Can one enjoy the show while inherently disagreeing with its premise and values imposed? This paper explores the culture phenomenon linked to these famous reality TV shows. It look s into feminist critics, mass media studies

The Ancient Inventions Of The Future - 994 Words

The Ancient inventions of the future Socrates was one of the greatest philosophers of the ancient world. His teachings inspired young philosophers to go and explore the world. In addition, His Knowledge even influenced boundless minds like Plato, who help make gigantic pushes in geometry. Or Aristotle, who mad giant leaps in astronomy (also made a theory that the earth was round in about 384 B. C.). therefore, a new era of philosophy was inaugurated and the course of western civilization was decisively shaped. Modern mathematics, Medicine, and cartography was all modernized during this age of philosophy. Without the Greeks, present ideals and the way we live our life would not be the same. So it is important that we know what the Greeks invented and their power over our civilization. First of all, the use the same form of democracy that we use in America. They decided that a dictator would have too much control and power. So they got a cabinet of over 500 people for democratic voting. They voted on taxes all the way up to executions. It worked a lot like our jury system, with people randomly chosen to serve. As it was said by Scott J. Cooper; â€Å"Demokratia, Greek for â€Å"power of the people,† was born in Athens in the 7th century BC. As the city-state’s oligarchy exploited citizens and created economic, political and social problems, Athenians were inspired by the successful, semi-democratic model Sparta had adopted. They turned to lawmaker Solon, who tried to help theShow MoreRelatedLiving Together with Diversity by Valuing Our Differences931 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom the past time to our future. Thus, diversity and ancient time shows how much the world has change through time it also shows how history repeats itself. People use different c ulture and ancient methods in todays society that gives us the tools that we use in everyday routines. These statements acknowledge the facts of Paul Grahams essay â€Å"what you cant say as correct when he discuss the values of modern society and how taboos and beliefs effect culture inventions all throughout the globe. Read MoreAncient China1039 Words   |  5 PagesThe Ancient Chinese are responsible for many inventions and contributions to the world. Some of their inventions and contributions include paper making, moveable type printing, gunpowder, compass, alcohol, mechanical clock, tea production, silk, practical umbrella, acupuncture, iron and steel smelting, porcelain, earthquake detector, rocket, bronze, the kite, the seed drill, row crop farming, toothbrush and paper money. We will take a look at 10 of these contributions and then choose the four thatRead MoreEgyptian Inventions : Ancient Egypt1151 Words   |  5 PagesEgyptian Inventions Many distinguished inventions originated from ancient Egypt. Remarkable contraptions and devices have shaped the Earth and they all have a history. The past builds on to the future and the outcome is not predictable. In ancient Egypt, life was very complex and there were difficult problems that they needed to solve. Therefore, a countless number of inventions were projected. Some successful ones commenced from ancient civilizations in Africa. The Egyptians had many importantRead MoreHistory And Evolution Of The Modern World922 Words   |  4 Pagesgiven the ability to sustain and eventually assemble what they consider to be modern life. In ancient culture, prehistoric Mesopotamian and Egyptian cultures created what they believed to be a civilization. Through extensive use of resource and desire to evolve in humanity, both civilizations succeeded in leaving impact. However, Within Mesopotamian society, the long lasting impact of their inventions continues to provide a benefit to western civilization. Considering their advanced writing systemRead MoreAncient Egypt and Mondern Society981 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluences the world as it exists today. One such civilization that has had a profound impact on daily modern lives was that of Ancient Egypt. Their systems of religion and technological innovation helped not only to leave a permanent impression on the world, but also served to mold both the civilizations that directly followed it as well as society today. The Ancient Egyptian civilization spanned several thousand years and is one of the few societies of the time that came into being independentlyRead MoreImpact Of Ancient China898 Words   |  4 Pages History ISU: Ancient China Ancient China brought forth a myriad of advancements and contributions to society, the impact of which can still be felt to this day. The inventions of paper and gunpowder, two widely used pieces of ancient technology, have been adapted in the modern day to better suit the needs of the contemporary man. On top of this, the aptly named Great Wall of China has helped to advance the fields of architecture and engineeringRead More Blogs - From Printing Press to Blog Essay1523 Words   |  7 Pagesas the clay tablets of ancient Sumer. As such, studying the blog requires an understanding of the methods of writing that came before it, and so the advent of the blog as both a technological and socio-cultural phenomenon is something we can attribute to two historical developments in the history of writing: the invention of the printing press and the birth of typography. While the correlation between blog and press is not immediately clear, Gutenbergs renowned invention brought with it a slewRead MoreComparing The River Valley Civilizations1509 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical organization and religious beliefs, and social structures of each society. The following categories are going to be analyzed by utilizing the frameworks of the four river valley civilizations. Without further ado, a juxtaposition of the ancient river valley civilizations. The first topic of comparison is the prospect of culture and environment in each society. Due to cultural diffusion amongst the civilizations, except geographically isolated China, among other factors, it can be deducedRead MoreUsing A Tool Of Stem Innovation1613 Words   |  7 Pagesramp. So it got me thinking how was the innovation of the lever and ramp during the period BC in Ancient Egypt. If it made our life easier with constructing a tuff shed, imagine building the giant pyramids and other great monuments using the lever and ramp. The story that we will embark on is a unique journey in the setting of Northern Africa around ancient BCE-0. Specifically, focusing on Ancient Egypt region which is to be considered by many historians as forefronts of what has led to modernRead MoreRoman Empire And The Han Dynasty810 Words   |  4 PagesThe Roman Empire and the Han dynasty both have created inventions that have inspired the modern world, and created impressive innovations and processes that advanced their primitive societies in the ancient world. Both civilizations worked tirelessly to create innovative solutions to the problems they had, or to advance their cities in a way they felt could not be replicated. Each city had their own view on how these inventions should be created and ran. The Romans created aqueducts and invented

Health Risks Of The Meat Industry - 1358 Words

Health Risks in the Meat Industry Over the past decade, the industrial food system has met the needs of American consumers. Food has been in great supply, from breads, to dairy products, to canned goods, to fillets. The meat industry alone has seen a rapid industrialization and provides its own unique challenges and risks. The meat in the grocery stores is plentiful, but it is very different today than it was prior to this rise in production. While the production numbers provide a very clear idea of how much meat American companies are harvesting and selling, the safety of the system is not so clear-cut. Many experts have weighed in their opinions; some critics call for a complete eradication of the industrial process, while some supporters praise the safety standards this system allows the meat industry to achieve. Two unique sources on the issue of safety, the American documentary â€Å"Food Inc.† and PBS’s â€Å"Frontline,† provide interesting points of view f rom different experts and will be analyzed. The safety of the meat industry is a very important issue to all consumers whether or not they purchase meat themselves because the meat industry sets an example that the other markets will follow. If any unsafe practices exist in meatpacking, they need to be dealt with for the wellbeing of all American consumers and all markets. The makers of â€Å"Food Inc.† sought to provide information and to identify practices in the food industry that could possibly upset consumers. Its purposeShow MoreRelatedEssay on Behind Meat and Meat Factories1404 Words   |  6 Pages Background/History Meat has been in our diet since the start of mankind. We eat meat everyday mindlessly. It is hard to avoid meat since it is everywhere we go. Meat is the majority of today’s food. There are very few vegetarian or vegan options in the food industry. Although, it has been growing more and more popular since it has become a lifestyle. The reason is to be the horrifying truth of today’s meat industry. For those who cannot bear the truth, pick up the vegetarian or vegan lifestyleRead MoreIs Vegetarianism Becoming Popular Food? Essay1526 Words   |  7 Pagessociety, people are becoming more and more health consciousness and aware of their diets, causing scrutiny towards the effects of our eating habits have not only on our body and health, but on the earth and the environment. This awareness is causing the number of people with a vegetarian diet to rise. A vegetarian is someone who does not eat meat, but may sometimes consume animal products. Vegetarianism is becoming i ncreasingly popular because of the health benefits it provides, which includes increasedRead MoreMeat Is The Staple Of The American Diet1592 Words   |  7 PagesMeat has become a staple in the American diet. According to an article published by NPR, an average American was eating 207.7 pounds of meat per year in 2010 (Barclay). After research came to light linking cholesterol and saturated fat found in meat products to heart disease, new food and health guidelines have suggested lowering the amount of meat eaten in the average diet. The new USDA food guidelines, â€Å"MyPlate,† were formed in 2010 and propose eating 5  ½ oz. of protein foods a day for a basicRead MoreBeef Industry : A Radical Transformation1024 Words   |  5 PagesWhen it comes to free range beef and mass produced beef, it is evident what side of the fence people stand on with their preference of beef. It is only within the last few decades or so that the beef industry has undergone a radical transformation. Beef means big business for agriculture and with meat being so readily available, it only means higher revenue for beef processing companies. On the other side of the spectrum, you have cattlemen and consumers wanting their beef farm raised without antibioticsRead MoreEssay on The Meat Industry969 Words   |  4 PagesThe Meat Industry The cattle industry produces vast amounts of strain in the environment. It is energy inefficient, pollutes water, occupies many acres of land, and deteriorates the health of the people who abuse its consumption. The government subsidizes this industry. Therefore, the price paid for meat doesn’t reflect the environmental hazards involved in the process. In order to protect our health and the health of the environment we should pay close attention to our food choices and make sureRead MoreEssay about The Benefits Of Vegetarian and Vegan Diets 1539 Words   |  7 PagesVegetarian and Vegan Diets Lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, type two diabetes, diverticulosis, renal disease, and cancers are some of the few health conditions that people in the world face today. But what if individuals would change to a different diet to prevent disease and illnesses? Vegetarian, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, ovo-vegetarian, and vegan are some of the many types of diets people can choose from today that can lower the risks for diseases and illnesses such as theRead MoreThe Meat Industry Is Negatively Affecting America s Health And Well Being1409 Words   |  6 PagesI am really concerned about our eating habits in America, and I am beginning to wonder if the meat industry is negatively affecting America s health and well-being. During this course I have efficiently held that the meat industry is in high demand, because we have dramatically increased the amount of meat consumed over the last twenty years. My understanding of this topic is that animals such as cows and chi ckens are being mistreated; this due to them living in small compartments, and in unhealthyRead MoreThe Best Decision Anyone Can Make1426 Words   |  6 Pagesand be fit. It is very crucial to have a balanced diet so that their will be a lower risk for disease later in life. Therefore, people in society create diets geared towards their own interests. These interests can include what a person likes, what will be best for their body systems, or even just the persons beliefs or religion. Two common choices of food are vegetarianism or a high protein diet. Carnivores eat meat, while vegetarians substitute that protein for something better. Many tests comparingRead MoreAnimal Products Are Not Necessary For Good Health1475 Words   |  6 Pagesdosed with hormones and seen as byproducts, their rights being ignored and denied. Cutting meat and other animal products out of the â€Å"normal† lifestyle would benefit humans just as well as animals (â€Å"Vegan Diets: Healthy and Huma ne†). Animal products are not necessary for good health, and removing them would have a positive effect on human health all around. No longer supporting the dairy and industrial meat industry would benefit the environment just as much as the humans and animals that inhabit it.Read MoreAnimal Farming : Is It Or Not We Are A Nation Of Meat Eaters?1179 Words   |  5 PagesHow difficult would it be for you to include less meat in your diet? Believe it or not we are a nation of meat eaters. We’re the second highest meat consuming country with an average of 270 pounds consumed per person, per year (NPR). These high rates of meat consumption have greater impacts on the environment than any other foods we eat, not to mention the effects on our bodies and on those animals slaughtered. After exploring the vast amount of effects of animal farming I believe that we as a nation

Language development in children Free Essays

All the other ways of knowing are controlled by language. The appropriate use of language is central to virtually all aspects of learning and social development. Successful and appropriate language communication is also closely linked to the individual’s place in society, while the inability to communicate clearly hampers and may virtually eliminate a person’s ability to cope with even the simplest educational and social situations. We will write a custom essay sample on Language development in children or any similar topic only for you Order Now The manner in which children learn to understand and successfully communicate through language is among the most important questions studied by psychologists. The appropriate use of language is central to virtually all aspects of learning and social development. Successful and appropriate language communication is also closely linked to the individual’s place in society, while the inability to communicate clearly hampers and may virtually eliminate a person’s ability to cope with even the simplest educational and social situations. Traditionally, psychological accounts of language development  Ã‚   have been developed by theorists who have included language learning in their discussions of a general acquisition process (e.g. Miller and Dollard, 1941; Skinner, 1957). Skinner for example, believes that language is learned in large measure by waiting for children to emit approximations of the forms of speech which are ultimately desired and then by gradual shaping  Ã‚   (by parents or other socializing agents) until the correct sounds and sentence forms can be reproduced in appropriate situations with a high degree of fidelity.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In contrast, some psycholinguists (e.g. Chomsky, 1959; Fodor, 1966) have  Ã‚   cogently argued that operant learning theory cannot adequately account for complex verbal behavior. Chomsky (1959) offers the following pregnant critique of a â€Å"conditioning† viewpoint: †¦it seems quite beyond questions that children acquire a good deal of their verbal and non-verbal behavior by casual observation and imitation of adults and other children. It is simply not true that children can learn language only through â€Å"meticulous care† on the part of adults who shape their verbal repertoire through careful differential reinforcement, though it may be that such care is often the custom in academic families. It is a common observation that a young child of immigrant parents may learn a second language in the streets, from other children, with amazing rapidity, and that his speech  Ã‚   may be completely fluent and correct to the last allophone†¦ A child may pick up a large part of his vocabulary and â€Å"feel† for sentence structure from television, from reading, from listening to adults, etc. Even a very young child who has not yet acquired a minimal repertoire from which to form new utterances may imitate a word quite well on an early try, with no attempt on the part of his parents to teach it to him (p. 42). Numerous experiments have now disclosed that principles for generating novel responses can be acquired through the observation of others (for example, Bandura McDonald, 1963; Bandura Mischel, 1965). If principles of language usage, rather than mere words can be shown to be acquired through observational learning, then this would provide at least a partial account of the process of language acquisition. The classic experiment in this area was conducted by Bandura and Harris (1966). They were interested whether second-grade children could make up sentences that included prepositional phrases and the passive voice. The children were tested first during a base rate period and then again after some form of intervening training. The results demonstrated that the children showed a greater increment in the production of the relevant construction in their sentences (than did the control group) if they were exposed to a combination of (1) an adult model’s production of sentence3s with and without the relevant construction (2) reward to both the model and the observer for sentences containing the relevant construction and (3) attention-focusing instructions. This study clearly suggested that children’s language productions might be modified through modeling in conjunction with other procedures. It is likely, however, that the children in Bandura and Harris experiment had been exposed to prepositional phrases and the passive voice many times in their lives prior to entering the experimental situation. Therefore, the question still remained as to whether children could actually acquire new or novel language rules as a function of observation. Indeed, language is important and in fact, traditionally, psychological accounts of language development have been developed by theorists who have included language learning in their discussions of a general acquisition process (Miller Dollard, 1941; Skinner, 1957). Skinner, for example, believes that language is learned, in large measure by waiting for children to emit approximations of the forms of speech which are ultimately desired and then by gradual shaping (by parents or other socializing agents) until the correct sounds and sentence forms can be reproduced in appropriate situations with a high degree of fidelity. This is a fair representation of the interrelationship between perception, emotion, reason and language, for numerous experiments have now disclosed that principles for generating novel responses can be acquired through the observation of others (Bandura McDonald, 1963) If principles of language usage, rather than mere words, can be shown to be acquired through observational learning, then this would provide at least a partial account of the process of language acquisition. In the area of linguistic diversity, researches reveal that in spite of enormous impact that language has on children’s schooling, lack of English skills alone cannot explain the poor academic achievement of students. It is tempting to fall back on this explanation and thus count on simple solutions to solve the problem. Cuban students, for example, have the highest educational level of all Latinos, yet they are the most likely to speak Spanish at home. (Valdivieso Davis, 1988). However, the fact that students speak Spanish is treated by many teachers as a problem. There is also evidence that teachers interact more negatively with students who do not speak English than with those who do. (U.S. General Accounting Office, Bilingual Education: A New Look at the Research Evidence, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, March 1987). Thus, this is where the emotion and perception side come in the picture. Because if this is the case, then the language dominance of students is not the real issue; rather, the way in which teachers and schools view their language may be even more crucial to student achievement in acquiring knowledge. How language and language use are perceived by the schools and whether modifications in the curriculum and imparting of knowledge are made as a result are important factors to keep in mind. The fact that English speakers rarely have the opportunity to enter bilingual education programs reinforces status of these programs. This is where the methodology of knowledge is more important than the knowledge itself. According to Jean Piaget, what differentiates humans from animals is human’s ability to do â€Å"symbolic abstract reasoning† [Piaget’s Theory] and this forms the basis for the constructivist theory in learning and instruction [Ibid.]. During his experiments, he observed that children think differently from adult and answer questions differently, but it does not mean that children are dumb [Ibid.]. Piaget’s theory had two major aspects: the process and stages of cognitive development [Ibid.]. The process of learning and acquiring intelligence of children is influenced by ‘schemas,’ which is actually the child’s representation to the world. The processes used by children to attain equilibrium between their schemas and the real environment are â€Å"accommodation† and â€Å"assimilation† [Ibid.]. It is assimilation when a child tries to fit cubes into square holes during playtime. It is accommodation when a child tries to push harder a heavier play cart with classmate- passengers than a cart with no one riding. As a child grows, schemas become more complex [Ibid.]. The stages in cognitive development of a child are divided into three: sensorimotor [infancy], pre-operational stage (toddler and early childhood), and concrete operational stage (elementary and early adolescence). During infancy, a child only recognizes an object when he or she sees it [Giants]. During toddler hood and early child hood, a child knows the direction of the right and left of an object, but the child cannot correctly think relative to that object [Ibid.]. At the concrete operational stage, a child becomes more logical in their understanding of the world. It is important that teachers of pre-school and primary schools learn to challenge abilities of children [Piaget’s Theory]. â€Å"Discovery learning and supporting the developing interest of the child are two primary instructional techniques† [Ibid.] to help children understand the world more. â€Å"Children construct knowledge, learning can lead development, development cannot be separated from its social context, and language plays a central role in cognitive development† are the main themes of Vygotsky’s developmental theory [Giants]. Children construct knowledge in a way that Piaget had described it [Bodrova 2005]. A child’s learning can be measured in a level of independent performance and level of assisted performance [Ibid]. The area between these measures will result to the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) which increases as learning occurs [Ibid]. Both content and processes of thought is determined by the culture [Ibid.]. Higher functions in man such as focused attention, deliberate memory and symbolic thought are passed down thru teaching [Ibid.]. â€Å"Learning always involves external experience being transformed into internal processes through the means of language† [Ibid.]. Vygotsky’s principle taught that teachers should know the specific learning needs of a child and determine what most appropriate intervention could be done. The ZPD would eventually be filled-up if the learning needs were met thru proper teaching practice. One good practice was to devise an assessment questionnaire that would equally gauge independent performance and assisted performance, and from there, the ZPD can be quantitatively determined. By identifying the gap qualitatively, the learning needs of a child would be revealed.  Ã‚   Moreover, teachers should also know how to develop a child’s attention to focus, improve child’s memory, to teach children think symbolically, and use a language game that children understand. Meanwhile, one’s cultural and social upbringing affects the way a person views this. There are no assumptions or deducing involved here. One can verify the information by just looking again at the dizzying array of program alternatives in bilingual education, each claiming to be more successful than the others. In general, most research has found that bilingual programs of all kinds are effective not only in teaching students content area knowledge in their native language but also in teaching them English. This has been proven time and again to be the case in research analyses and specific program reviews (Hakuta, 1990). According to Hakuta, the most significant effect of bilingual education may not be that it promotes bilingualism in general, which he claims it does not, but rather that it â€Å"gives some measure of official public status to the political struggle of language minorities, primarily Hispanics.† He suggests that raising the status of these children’s native languages contributes to their opportunities for friendships with English-speaking children. Similarly, Erik Erikson as psychoanalyst taught that any person, child or adult faces specific life crisis that they have to resolve in order to perform their tasks (Atkinson 1993). During early childhood or preschool, a child develops an ability to initiate activities (Ibid. 118); teachers have to learn how to encourage or discourage them in order that the child would not feel inadequate. During middle child hood or elementary, children learns various skills such as reading and writing, but they have to interact socially with others in order to feel successful or competent, otherwise they would feel inferior. During this time, a teacher should constantly but reasonably praise a child for a job well done. The LOGO programming used with young children was believed to be supported by Erikson’s theory on the psychosocial stages (Gillespie and Beisser, 2001, p. 230). LOGO is a computer programming language developed by Dr. Seymour Papert in 1980s that is loaded with MicroWorlds software. With the MicroWorlds, a child creates his own animated graphics thru self-directed activity and independently explores cause and effect. Giving children ample time to spend with LOGO programming,   building and constructing encourages children to work without making them feel guilty which makes smooth the transition of a child in his guilty-prone period   (Ibid. p. 234). The same activities enable a child also to acquire mastery of the game in order to feel competent. REFERENCES Atkinson, R.L., Richard C. Atkinson, Edward E. Smith and Daryl J. Bem (1993). Introduction to Psychology 11th ed.. United States: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. Bandura, A. McDonald F.J. (1963). The influence of social reinforcement and the behavior of models in shaping children’s moral judgments. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology.   67, 274-281. Bodrova, Elena (2005). Vygotsky’s Developmental Theory: An Introduction. In Davidson Films Homepage. Retrieved Oct. 29, 2006, from http://www.davidsonfilms.com/develope.htm Chomsky, N. Review of B.F. Skinner’s Verbal Behavior (1959).Language, 35, 26-58. Gillespie, C., Beisser, W. (2001). Developmentally Appropriate LOGO Computer Programming with Young Children. Retrieved Oct. 29, 2006, http://www.aace.org/dl/files/ITCE/ITCE2001-229.pdf Hakuta, K. (1990). Bilingualism and Bilingual Education: A Research Perspective, no. 1 Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education, Spring. Miller, N.E. Dollard, J. Social learning and imitation. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1941. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development. In Educational Psychology Interactive Homepage. Retrieved October 29, 2006, from http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/cogsys/piaget.html. Skinner, B. F. Verbal behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1957. U.S. General Accounting Office (1987).   Bilingual Education: A New Look at the Research Evidence, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Valdivieso, R. and Davis, C. (1988). U.S. Hispanics: Challenging Issues for the 1990s Washington D.D.: Population Trends and Public Policy.                            How to cite Language development in children, Essay examples

Formalist Literary Theory Free Essays

string(167) " literary study is not an object, but a set of differences, and the science will consist of the study of those specifics which distinguish it from any other material\." Written Report: Russian Formalism and New Criticism Formalism is a literary theory that was spearheaded by two main bodies – Russian Formalists and New Critics – which focused on understanding the literary text through the text itself. Its principles posed a great shift from the traditional approaches during its time, and so it sparked a movement in the field of literary studies that would adopt new perspectives and ideas. While Formalism received much criticism due to its dubious methods of the closed reading of a text, its lack of a solid theory of language, and so on, it was also able to establish the notion of literary study being a partly scientific, objective process, and its framework would serve as a starting point and a great influence for future ideas and theorists to come. We will write a custom essay sample on Formalist Literary Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Old Criticism. The form that literary studies had taken during the second half of the nineteenth century, positivism, was largely based on the genetic approach: critics concentrated on uncovering the sources and genesis of particular works. The role of biography and history reduced the importance of literature itself in literary scholarship. Study of literature had become a loose aggregate of philosophy, history, psychology, sociology, etc. As Jakobson said, historians of literature had become practitioners of what he called ‘homespun’ disciplines based on psychology, politics, and philosophy, where literature itself could only offer secondary and defective evidence. Emergence of Russian Formalism Formalist theory emerged from the meetings, discussions, and publications of the Opojaz (The Society for the Study of Poetic Language) and the Moscow Linguistic Circle. They were dissatisfied with the ways of studying literature in the academe. Opojaz was based on St. Petersburg, dates back to 1914, and dissolved in 1923. Its nucleus was formed by Sklovsky, Eikhenbaum, Brik, Tynyanov. MLC came to life in 1915. Its best known member is Roman Jakobson. When he left them in 1920 for Prague, they lost their most talented member, and ceased to be a significant formalist center. Some of the figures who influenced Russian Formalism were: Andrei Bely and his work, Symbolism Said that, â€Å"our knowledge of reality is never direct†¦ we do not know reality except approximately through symbols. * Literary criticism has to be preoccupied with the specific forms of artistic creativity. * What is joined in the symbol in a humanly inseparable way is form and content. * Literature is both spatial and temporal. Other arts like sculpture or music realize themselves within only one of these forms. * Reality appears to be different from that seen in a work of ar t. It is â€Å"deformed†. Occurs by certain specific constructive forms. These are to be investigated. Immersed in the mystery that the mosaic of art covers, the critic lose their view of their proper task. They search for something that is beyond it before describing it with any accuracy. A. A. Potebnja * Literary activity is cognitive and tightly connected with its medium – language. * Poetry is a form of thinking in images, the ‘shape’ of which is dependent on the linguistic features of a given language. * Poetic image need not mean a static picture of something, it can also mean action. Not just spatial, but temporal too. * Images play a synthetic role in our thinking. Poetry strives to reduce the wide variety of complex phenomena to a small number of images. * Imagery is not basic aspect of poetic craft – but also sound. Images are not the only means to convey meaning in a poetic work. Emergence of New Criticism The prominent figures in the movement for the New Criticism were John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, Robert Penn Warren, and Cleanth Brooks. They initiated a professionalization of American literary studies – one way of spreading the ideas of New Criticism was by publishing New Criticism based textbooks to be used in universities. These individuals saw the contemporary world as driven by desire in profit and greed, as well as â€Å"triumphs† in modern science, threatening to destroy tradition and everything that was not immediately useful – including poetry. Poetry is a means of resisting commodification and superficiality. Some of the figures who influenced New Criticism were: T. E. Hulme * â€Å"Romanticism and Classicism†. Romantic view: man is intrinsically good, spoilt by circumstances. Classical view: man is intrinsically limited, but disciplined by order and tradition to something fairly decent. Romantics are regarded as a well of possibilities. Classicals are regarded as finite and fixed. * Classical view leads to poetry. Romantic one to uncontrolled flights of emotions and metaphors. * New poets will disclaim the thought that poetry is a vehicle for expressing emotions, but rather, it provides a precise description of the world around us. T. S. Eliot * Those who treat literature as a product of a historical moment or a philosophical foundation should be called historians and philosophers. * Rejected vague emotionalism and verbal profusion of Romantic style. Critic should be preoccupied with literature itself, its accurate usage of words, rather than the phenomena flanking it. * Does not deny that emotions enter poetry, but rejects the directness of the overflow. Disliked sentimental poetry and respected tradition. * Highest poetry should synthesize thought and feeling, argument and image, the rational and the non-rational. Literariness. The first question for the Formalist was not how to study literature, but what the subject matter of literary study actually is. To get specificity for literary study, it entails the exclusion of all mimetic and expressive definitions of literature. Because in regarding the literary text as an instrument of expression (a point of view which will lead us to the personality of author, leading to biography or psychology) or representation (we will see the it as a picture of society, leading to history, politics, or sociology), we overlook the specificity of its literary qualities. What makes a text literary? This was a concern for the Formalists. What distinguishes literature from, say, a news article or a travel book? Simply put by Eikhenbaum, literature constitutes differences from other orders of facts. The object of study of literary study is not an object, but a set of differences, and the science will consist of the study of those specifics which distinguish it from any other material. You read "Formalist Literary Theory" in category "Essay examples" Literary studies analyze the differences implied in the opposition between practical and poetic language. The differential element of poetry, gives it its specificity. We owe this difference to the process of defamiliarization. According to Sklovsky, art defamiliarizes things that have become habitual or automatic. Take for example the act of walking. Walking is a daily activity. We have ceased to be aware of it. But when we dance, the automatically perceived gestures of walking are perceived anew. â€Å"A dance is a walk which is felt. † In the same way, everyday use of language is something that is natural or unconscious. But language in poetry is more or less the same language we know, but this time, we have become more aware of its presence – it is a new sensation to be felt, just like the dance. Practical language constitutes the main automatized elements made strange by art. Everyday language is made strange in poetry, and in particular, the physical sounds of words themselves become unusually prominent. Poetic speech is formed speech. Poetic speech is not the specialness of vocabulary (e. g. just because a poem uses an unfamiliar word like â€Å"lo! † does not mean that it is poetic speech), but because its formal devices – like rhyme and rhythm – act on ordinary words to renew our perception of them, as well as their sound texture. Because of that, defamiliarization is found almost everywhere form is found. The poetic speech that one would find in a poem is a deliberate act of creating a form that is based on defamiliarized language. As Jakobson described it, poetry is organized violence committed on ordinary speech. It roughens up and impedes pronunciation of ordinary speech – syntax, rhythm, semantics. Devices and Function. Poetry makes use of literary devices – hyperbole, parallelism, repetition, iambic pentameter, and so on. That poses the question: can’t devices lose their function? Because the literary devices themselves were subject to automatization of perception since they are in literature now, they lose their distinction as literary and non-literary. Literariness then is a feature not just of form as impeded speech, but more importantly, of impeded form. So the defamiliarization will not wholly depend on the existence of devices, but their function in the work they appear in. For example, foregrounding gives us a dominant factor. A work will contain passive or automatized elements that are subservient/subordinate to the dominant element. So what would interest a Formalist, is how the elements are interrelated. How do these automatized elements give way for the foregrounded element, or perhaps, what makes the foregrounded element stand out; the device could have been just commonplace or uninteresting, so how does it achieve its dominant status in relation to other devices? In other words, the active components of a work are now differentiated not only from the practical language, but from other formal components which have become automatized. Fabula and Syuzhet. However, the method for analysis and the literariness of poetry cannot be applied exactly for prose narrative as well. They have different constructions. The Formalist study of narrative was based on a distinction between the events and construction of a prose narrative – Fabula and Syuzhet. Fabula (plot) refers to the chronological sequence of events. Syuzhet refers to the order and manner in which they are actually presented in the narrative. Syuzhet creates the defamiliarizing effect. We could have a crime story and it could be told in its chronological sequence: there was a crime, the police went to investigate, they had to seek for the help of a world-famous detective, and he solves the crime, the end. From point A, it ends to point D. That is the Fabula. Manipulation of the Syuzhet though, allows it to be told in a different, more defamiliarized way. We could start with the ending wherein the crime was already solved, or we can start in the middle of the sequence of events wherein the detective receives a request for his assistance. We can even tell the story from the point of view of the killer. All of it makes for a new way of telling a common plot. Close Reading. When we do a reading of a text, we ought to focus on the text of a work; exclude the author’s intention, historical and cultural contexts. The text was an object of literature complete in itself. It is an autonomous entity, and therefore should be treated as one that is not dependent on its creator or external influences. If the goal of reading a text is to get its meaning, then we should not look further from the text. Form and meaning are intimately connected and should not be analyzed separately. Good literature transcends the time of the author. Who cares if X was in love with lady Y? We should disregard the details of such, and focus on how the poem focuses on scorned love. Emotion and Intention. William Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley’s essay, The Intentional Fallacy, talks about the mistake of attempting to understand the author’s intentions about his work since it violates the autonomy of the work. The meaning of a work should be contained solely within itself. The Affective Fallacy talks about the mistake of nterpreting a text through the emotions of the reader. A text must be understood not relatively, but its meaning must be inherent. Paradox. Poetry should carry the element of heterogeneity, of negating their own affirmations. They are better equipped for whatever treatment they will undergo. Homogeneous poetry cannot bear â€Å"ironic contemplation†. It is irony and am biguity that make for good poetry. Poetry is paradoxical in nature. Life is complex. The force of the paradox holds a poem together, it builds unity and coherence within the text and the task of the critic is to lay bare these paradoxes and show how they work. Poetry says something ‘for real’ that is not equal to a logical statement or to an emotional attitude. It is not just a psychological stimulus, as Richard said. Poetry obliquely tells us something about the nature of reality. All of its meaning is linguistic, but not all that is pertinent to meaning can be explained by linguistic analysis. Literary History. The dominant devices in a particular genre and/or period contribute to the evolution of literature. When they become familiar, new works will pick them up to make them perceptible again. Through this, genre evolves. If so, then literary language is not a planned development of tradition, but a colossal displacement of traditions. Legacy Formalism, because of the specificity it wished to explore, thus creating the concept of literariness, was a productive and adaptable framework. Formalism anticipated and influenced some important ideas in 20th century literary theory – central position of language, devaluation of biographical element, importance of norm deviation, etc. will be featured by future theorists from Jakobson to Barthes. Shortcomings They have no developed theory of language, especially since Formalism was made in a pre-Saussurean view of language. Marxist critics argue against the absence of any social dimension in Formalism’s conception of literature. They claimed that use of language is social and ideological. References: Bertens, Hans. Literary Theory: The Basics. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2008. Jefferson, Ann Robey, David. Modern Literary Theory: A Comparative Introduction. Totowa, N. J. : Barnes and Noble, 1984. Thompson, Ewa. Russian Formalism and Anglo-American New Criticism: A Comparative Study. The Hague: Mouton, 1971. How to cite Formalist Literary Theory, Essay examples

Water Consumption across the Globe-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Construct a plan for the Completion of Project using a approved template.the plan should include group roles,responsibilities,time frame,agency name and logistics for interviews and the sources of information for report. Answer: Introduction: According to the global statics on the water consumption across the globe, Australia remains the highest consumer of water all of the world, roughly 250 000gl. And with the looming facts that by world water fact file, that the entire world faces a 40 percent water shortfall between the forecast demand available supply by the year 2030. Within the next 15 or so years, the escalating water security situation triggers a relative global food crisis. With such statements, the Australia is one of the greatest nations to be faced by the problems (Beal, 2015). Iron Ore billionaire, Forrest, is reported to have called for the harvesting of over 5000 gigalitres of water from the rivers and underground aquifers to drought proof the agricultural areas and also open up thousands of hectares of new agricultural projects (Council, 2008). This shows that Australia and its constituent states have a high problem of water in the country. Agency and Core Mandate This, in turn, informs the core mandate and the reason for the establishment of WaterAid, an Australian based non-governmental community-based organization that assist to supply and offer this basic commodity to the citizens of Australia and more Victoria that has some very dry arid areas. The Organization is founded on the call; governments should prepare for the unexpected after short fall of water levels by 2030; we need to recognize the significance of water security and priories the same in our national security (Van et al, 2012). Vision: The world where everyone, everywhere has a safe water sanitation and hygiene. Mission: to transform the lives of the poorest and the most marginalized people by improving access to safe water, sanitization, and hygiene. The core values of the agency are Respect, integrity, collaboration, innovation, and accountability. Roles and Responsibilities The group main and primary objective is to provide water and sanitization to people among the Australian states who are in arid and very dry areas. The agency assists worlds poorest people to gain access to safe water and good sanitization. In addition to improved hygiene, education, human rights regarding health and live hoods. The agency works with other agency such as the IWDA to understand local issues, and assist in the provision of relevant skills and help the communities to manage and set up sustainable and viable projects which meet their real needs. A good example is a story done by the WaterAid in providing water to mothers in collaboration with IWDA. The agency also works internationally and locally to change policy and the practice and ensure that water, substantive hygienes functional role in the reduction of poverty is recognized. Logistics for Interviews In an attempt to get to reach to the company for the interview we shall first send them an email regarding our interview and outline our agenda as the need to define their role in ensuring that they execute their role and attain their vision as indicated above there. In the letter emailed we shall seek an interview and appointment with the management team probably a day where we can be exposed to various projects that the agency has engaged in. We expect that our regular interview prior exposure to the organization projects should last at least 2 hours where we shall have an interactive engagement. We shall have a questionnaire filled by the management. And which we shall use to file on our report. After that, we shall be led to various concluded projects, and which we shall take time to understand their significance, life after and before the projects was in place and the challenges. We shall also seek to investigate on challenges faced by the team during this work. Upon completion of the interview, we shall make our donations to the agency to be able to show commitment to eradicate poverty through proper hygiene sanitation and sustainable water supply. Sources of Information for Report We shall be the first team of scholars who shall be researching the work of WaterAid and its projects in Australia since its establishment hence we shall not be able to gather a lot of the literature review of the project. However, we shall use research report on similar agencies that have been published by scholars on the renowned journals. And in the bid to get credible information regarding the reports we shall also include key informants, observations, questionnaire for the research. The information collected from this shall be analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively so to get a final report Works Cited Beal, C. D. (2015). Toward the digital water age: Survey and case studies of Australian water utility smart-metering programs. Utilities Policy, 32, 29-37. Council, A. W. (2008). Australian Water Safety Strategy 2008-2011: Reducing Drowning Deaths by 50% by 2020. . Australian Water Safety Council. Raupach, M. R. (2012). Australian water availability project. Canberra: CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research. Stenson, M. F. (2012). Operationalising the Australian Water Resources Assessment (AWRA) system. Van Dijk, A. B. (2012). Design and development of the Australian Water Resources Assessment system. Vaze, J. V. (2013, December). The Australian Water Resource Assessment Modelling System (AWRA). . In 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, Adelaide, Australia (Vol. 16)

Segmentation, Targeting and Position free essay sample

Strategies for the selection of Marketing All marketing strategy is built on STP Segmentation, Targeting and Position. A company discovers different needs and groups in the marketplace, targets those needs and groups that it can satisfy in a superior way, and then positions its offering so that the target market recognizes the company’s distinctive offering and image (Kotler and Keller, 2006). a) Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning Segmentation A market segment consists of a group of customers who share a similar set of needs and wants (Kotler and Keller, 2006). According to the segmenting consumer markets, we choose to identify the distinct groups of customers on geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioral. For geographic segmentation, it is dividing the market into different geographical units such as nations, status, regions, counties, cities or neighborhoods. We decide to focus on the markets of Hong Kong because we believe that Hong Kong is a potential market for fresh and healthy food. For demographic segmentation, it is dividing the market into groups on the basis of variables such as age, life cycle, life stage, gender, income, generation, education or social class. We identify that as the well-education, people understand the importance of health, people increase their health conscious and people started moving towards low fat and high fiber products to avoid heart disease and certain types of cancer. For psychographic segmentation, costumers are divided into different group on the basis of personality traits, lifestyle or values. As the improvement of the quality of life in recent year, people pursuing health lifestyle, people want to eat healthily so they care about how much calories and nutrition that they are absorbed. For behavioral segmentation, customers are divided into groups on the basis of their knowledge of, attitude toward, use of, or response to a product. As the change of the knowledge of a product, people know which products are unhealthy so that they can avoid it and choose the healthy products. Based on the above points, we can know that the trend towards being healthy is more and more important. However, people are more and more busy of work, they do not have time to cook for themselves so they always skip the breakfast. There is no doubt that breakfast is very important to our health, so we recommend Garden to create a new line to provide convenience, fresh and healthy food to customers. Targeting After a company has defined market segments, it can enter one or many segments of a given market and should make decision about how many and which customer groups to target (Dibb and Simkin, 1996). The selection of potential customers to whom a business wishes to sell products or services is called targeting. According to the segment marketing, we decide to concentrate the targeting on consumers who have health conscious. There are five patterns of target market selection. They are single-segment concentration, selective specialization, product specialization, market specialization and full market specialization. We choose the single-segment concentration to be the target market selection. That’s means we concentrate the marketing effort on one segment of the market. The firm will develop a product that caters for the needs of that particular group. Positioning Position is the act of designing the company’s offering and image to occupy a distinctive place in the mind of the target market. The goal is to locate the brand in the minds of consumers to maximize the potential benefit to the firm. (Kotler and Keller, 2006). The position of the product is convenience, fresh and healthy food. There are some approaches of position. For attribute, we provide a meal for customers, not only to eat, but also healthy. For benefit, customers can seek the taste, nutrition, good value and freshness. For value, it’s fresh and good for customers healthy. For culture, this can raise the conscious of healthy in the social culture. For personality, the product is on behalf of fresh and health. ) Marketing Mix Strategies The marketing mix is a business tool used in marketing and by marketing professionals. This marketing mix comprises four components namely; Product, Price, Place and Promotion. These four components are popularly known as the 4Ps of marketing mix. Product A product is anything that can be offered to a market satisfy a want or need. Products that marketed can be a ta ngible good or an intangible service. At the heart of a great brand is a great product, product is a key element in the market offering (Needham, Dave, 1996). As product is very important to a company, we focus on the product differentiation strategies. As we are selling fresh and healthy food, we want to make a difference with the other competitors. Many different bakery stores provide a variety of bread and cake to consumer. All the bread has been earlier made by the store and the ingredient of the bread are limited and no choice with fresh vegetable and meat. Therefore, we focus on providing fresh and healthy food. We prepare a variety of bread such as multigrain, wholemeal and rye. These kinds of bread are all high fiber. And also prepare a variety of ingredient such as fresh vegetable, corn, egg, tomato, celery, cucumber, ham, chicken, salmon, tuna and so on. Thus, consumers can choose which bread and ingredient that they wants, then combine to a fresh and health sandwich. Not only provide sandwich, but also drinks. We focus on traditional Chinese drinks such as red date tea, wolfberry tea and so on. These kinds of tea are helps replenish vital essences and improve vision. The other drinks like honey green tea, wheat grass juice drink are also good for health. All the products that we provide are low oil, low fat, low salt and low sugar formula in order to achieve the needs and wants that consumers who have healthy conscious. Price Price is the amount a consumers pays for the product. The price is very important as it determines the companys profit and hence, survival. Adjusting the price has a profound impact on the marketing strategy, and depending on the price elasticity of the product, often it will affect the demand and sales as well. The marketer should set a price that complements the other elements of the marketing mix (Needham, Dave, 1996). As the price will affect the profit and sales, it is important to us to work out the price strategies. As we are not provide a fixed product, it depends on how many ingredient consumers choose, so we want to set a price by each ingredient. Firstly, we set the maximum current profit as our pricing objective so that we can estimate the demand and costs associated with alternative prices and choose the price produces maximum current profit, cash flow, or rate of return on investment. Then we select the markup pricing as our pricing method so that we can add a standard markup to the product’s cost for profit. Thus, it is easy and uncomplicated for us to formulate the selling price. Place The marketing channels are sets of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption (Kotler and Keller, 2006). The producer and the final consumers are part of every channel. As we are selling directly to the final consumers, we are on a zero-level channel, this is also known as direct-marketing channel. Place refers to providing the product at a place which is convenient for consumers to access. As we are selling products to consumers directly, we want to located our shop at convenient place such as alongside the railway or near a business park, for example, most of the consumers are likely to be office workers or students, they are hurry to work, to school and no time to prepare their breakfast, so located near the railway or business park is convenient for consumers dropping in for a breakfast, a sandwich during lunch. Promotion Promotion is all of the methods of communication that a marketer may use to provide information to different parties about the product. Promotion comprises elements such as advertising, public relations, personal selling and sales promotion (Needham, Dave, 1996). A successful product should be communicated clearly to the target market, that’s why promotion is an indispensable part. In order to promotion the product and penetrate the market, we suggest to use advertising to impress consumers what our product positioning is. Web-site is also a method to let consumers know more about product. As internet is well developed, social media provide a chance to us, we can connect with consumers through Twitter and Facebook to promote our product. We can create accounts on Twitter and Facebook, then advertise these accounts and encourage consumers to â€Å"Like† or â€Å"Subscribe†. We can use these social media to announce special deals and offer one-time discounts or free item to consumers. In addition, we can provide some sales promotion, such as increase word-of-mouth publicity for our product through free tastings, or create a card to consumers, when they buy our product they can get one chop. When consumers collect ten chops, they can obtain one free product. This can raise the sales in short term and increase the promotion of product. ttp://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Marketing_mix http://www. buzzle. com/articles/marketing-mix-strategy. html c) Brand Building Strategies Brand is a name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors (Kotler and Keller, 2006). Brands offer a number of benefits to consumers and firms and brands are valuable intangible assets that need to be managed carefully. As brand building can create a strong brand, it is necessary to build and communicate the brand messages. As we want to convey fresh and health as our brand messages, we create a symbol for the new line of Garden. The symbol is combined with original Garden logo and leaves. That’s means we use original Garden bread and add fresh ingredient to combine a fresh and healthy product provide to consumers. The reason we still keep the original logo because the logo already built up a strong brand image to consumers, when they see this logo they will think about the product produce by Garden. And the leaves make consumers think of freshness. A great logo is a key to create the kind of branding that lets our product impress in the minds of our customers.