Open innovation is a phenomenon in search of a theory. (Birkinshaw) Essay

Open universe is a phenomenon in search of a theory. (Birkinshaw). Critically evaluate this statement, examining current aca - undertake ExampleCan pass around innovation be introduced at McDonalds at the fry cook level, or is it only feasible among people with Ph. Ds? Does any individual personality work with turn over innovation, or are some personality types more effective under closed system? Might abrupt and closed be points on a continuum that should be shifted for different circumstances? Might there be hybrid approaches, such as beginning a project using open innovation and finishing it using closed? How croup open innovation be balanced against the needs of management? Does open innovation reduce or increase transparency? Many of these questions have been answered only summarily, some not at all, and some might be in principle beyond the present ability to answer. Yet theory guides research just as research guides theory Creating a theory of open innovation, barely t entative and likely to change, could help to create hypotheses that could be tested, models that could be explored, and predictions that could be proven or disproven. This paper advances a theory of open innovation that claims that open innovation is in fact a more specific case of a general balance between the costs and benefits of command and control, and that open innovation is from an organizational behavior and institutional theory perspective a shift to bottom-up practices as such, it depends crucially on loyalty to the institution, involvement in decision-making, merged culture, management avoiding chilling effects, and other factors. I identify open innovation as a solution to the intellectual property version of the tragedy of the cat valium problem and as the internal flipside of the open source movement. Open innovation will be defined for the purposes of this paper as a paradigm that assumes that firms can and should use external ideas as well as internal ideas, and in ternal and external paths to market, as the firms look to advance their technology (Chesbrough, 2003). Open innovation involves firms creating institutional practices to glean the benefits of internal innovation, such as with innovation time initiatives, and external innovation. Open innovation is in essence the model of most universities. Within the university system, a researchers data is owned by the university and/or by the companies or stakeholders that funded or initiated the study, yet they also retain some copyright and control. The information is made publicly accessible, either subsidized to be free or for a nominal fee, so that research can be facilitated. Researchers have tremendous latitude to prove and investigate down their own lines of inquiry. Open innovation, then, alongside the parallel but distinct concept of open source, is an attempt to replicate the intellectual output of the university and of correspondent institutions that allow information to be more fre ely created and disseminated. Albert (2008) points out how antithetical this is to many traditional notions of corporate capitalism The assumption made is that companies both reap 100% of the benefit of communal intellectual property yet retain 100% in-house, which are contradictory assumptions. In practice, firms are faced with a trying dilemma. Both internally and externally, they must control access to their information to remain competitive and prevent competitors from harming them, yet doing so reduces the net amount of innovation. Innovation depends on cross-referencing. Knowledge doesnt occur in a vacuum If someone looks at a problem and cant be sure what